Sectional/Themed Revision Attempt the following and make additional more general notes as appropriate. The specification is a useful source of information.

Tests for functional groups – give observations equations/products as appropriate Phenol (equation) C=C (equation) Aldehyde (give two tests – equation for one of them) Ketone Carboxylic acids – 3 possible (equations) Alcohol – (equations) two possible approaches, give advantage and disadvantage in each case Halogenoalkanes – involves 2 processes (equations) Diazonium salt – 2 approaches (equation) Amines (equation)

Mechanisms Nitration of benzene- explain the role of the catalyst. Reduction of carbonyl group Preparation of amine e.g. Ethylamine Ethene + bromine. How could you explain the formation of 2- bromoethanol as a possible product in the reaction between ethene and bromine water?

Isomerism Define structural isomerism. Give examples. Do you expect structural isomers to have similar properties? (no single answer) Explain briefly Give examples of E/Z isomerism using a 4 carbon hydrocarbon. How can you identify molecules which will exhibit this type of isomerism. Do you expect E and Z isomers to have similar properties? Give examples of optical isomerism including sketches. How can you identify molecules which will exhibit this type of isomerism. What phrase is used to describe them. Do you expect optical isomers to have similar properties? Which of the above are classed as stereoisomers

Acid/base chemistry Give equations for the reaction of ethanoic acid with (a) magnesium hydroxide (b) magnesium carbonate (c) magnesium* Give an equation illustrating the basic nature of amines Give an equation showing the formation of a zwitterion. What is the “isoelectric point”? Show how the structure of the zwitterion shown above would vary in (a) acid solution (b) alkaline solution

Hydrolysis – give equations, reagents and conditions for the hydrolysis of: (Remember that hydrolysis often corresponds to the replacement of an atom or group by -OH) Bromoethane Methyl butanoate (a) acid (b) alkaline A peptide link (a) acid (b) alkaline What applications do the above reactions have in polymer chemistry? Give examples

Chemistry in the wider context Why do drug molecules prepared in the laboratory often contain a mixture of optical isomers, whereas those produced by enzymes in natural systems often do not. Suggest a mechanistic explanation. Give one advantage and one disadvantage of producing a single optical isomer from a mixture Give three ways in which modern synthesis can produce a single optical isomer Explain how chemists have had an impact on the environmental problems of waste management. Give an example of a medical application of modern synthetic materials. Which spectroscopic technique forms the basis of modern body scanners? Give an example of a trans-fat and state whether it is good or bad in a normal diet.

Uses – give uses of: Phenolic compounds Poyamides Esters in the context of fuels – give an explanation of the conversion from oils/fats 2,4-DNP derivatives to identify specific compounds Reactions of diazonium salts A technique which combines 2 analytical processes

Analytical techniques - chromatography What is meant by “retention time” What physical states would be expected for stationary and mobile phases in thin layer and gas chromatography For two types of stationary phase describe the key processes for separation What is meant by R f values? Give 2 limitations of gas chromatography What is GC-MS?

Analytical techniques NMR Spectroscopy What does a triplet indicate? What does the relative areas of peaks indicate? Why would you add D 2 O to a sample for analysis? What does TMS stand for and what is it used for? What is the horizontal scale and how is it used? What would the nmr spectrum look like for 1- bromopropan-2-ol with and without D 2 O

Analytical techniques IR Spectroscopy What happens within a molecule when IR radiation is absorbed? Sketch IR spectra for butanoic acid, butanal, butan-1-ol and 4-hydroxybutan-2-one