Today is a great day to learn about your BRAIN!!! Growing New Brain Cells?

How do we know about the brain? Brain Scans Brain Scans Brain Scans

Electroencephalogram (EEG) Electrodes are placed on the scalp that amplify recordings of the waves of electrical activity across the brain’s surface

Computed Tomography (CT or CAT Scan) A series of X-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representation of the brain

Position Emission Tomography (PET Scan) A visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task Language Development and PET Scans

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) A technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that allow us to see structures within the brain

Accidents Case study analysis of victims of suffer from a brain injury, resulting in variations in normal behavior Phineas Gage Phineas Gage II

Lesions Lesioning is the removal or destruction of part of the brain. IE. Lobotomy

The Teenage Brain –Teenage Behavior –The Wiring of the Teenage Brain –Mood Swings –Why Parents Don’t Understand –Teens and Sleep

Parts of the Brain

Cerebral Cortex The body’s ultimate control and information processing center Covers the brain’s lower level structures Contains an estimated 30 billion nerve cells Divided into two hemispheres and four lobes, connected by a thick band of nerve fibers called the corpus callosum

Top View of the Right and Left Hemispheres Hemispheres of the Brain Born With Only Half of a Brain Hemispheres of the Brain Born With Only Half of a Brain Hemispheres of the Brain Born With Only Half of a Brain

Right Side - Left Side The right side of the brain controls muscles on the left side of the body and the left side of the brain controls muscles on the right side of the body. Therefore, damage to one side of the brain will affect the opposite side of the body.

Hemispheric Differences

Both sides continually communicate via the corpus callosum.

Hemispheric Differences: Language and Spatial Abilities

The Brain’s Left Hemisphere Language Math Logic Analytic Thought Scientific Thought Reasoning

The Brain’s Right Hemisphere Spatial abilities Face recognition Visual imagery Music Creativity Emotional Instincts

Side View of the Left Hemisphere

Right and Left Frontal Lobes The portion of the cerebral cortex lying just behind the forehead Mostly involved in abstract thought, speaking, muscle movements, making plans, and judgments The Frontal Lobes Where is Morality? Pre-Frontal Lobe Development of Children

Broca’s Area Located in the frontal lobe and usually in the left hemisphere Responsible for the muscle movements of speech If damaged the person can form the ideas but cannot express them as speech

PET Scan of Broca’s Area

Right and Left Parietal Lobes Regions available for general processing, including mathematical reasoning The parietal lobes play important roles in integrating sensory touch information, and in the handling and manipulation of objects. Sensory Motor Integration

Right and Left Occipital Lobes The primary visual processing area Located in the back of the head

Right and Left Temporal Lobes Includes the auditory cortex where sound information is processed Located roughly above the ears

Wernicke’s Area Located in the temporal lobe Involved in language comprehension and expression; our ability to understand what is said to us Usually in the left temporal lobe

PET Scan of Wernicke’s Area

Broca and Wernicke's Areas Broca and Wernicke's Areas

The Inner Brain

Cerebellum Latin for the “little brain” Located in the rear of the brain Helps coordinate voluntary movements and balance If damaged, the person could perform basic movements but would lose fine coordination skills.

Brainstem The oldest part of the brain –The Midbrain –Pons –Medulla Is responsible for automatic survival functions Located where the spinal cord swells and the brain just begins

Midbrain The MIDBRAIN is also responsible for behaviors associated with hearing and sight Pupil dilation and eyeball movement

PONS The PONS is responsible for helping to regulate breathing, to help with sleep and wake cycles, and controls facial expressions

Medulla The base of the brainstem Controls life-supporting functions like heartbeat and breathing Damage to this area can lead to death.

Thalamus Sits atop the brainstem The brain’s sensory switchboard – receives input and directs messages to the sensory processing areas in the cortex

Limbic System A ring of structures around the thalamus; at the border of the brainstem and cerebral cortex Includes: –Hypothalamus –Hippocampus –Amygdala

Hypothalamus Located directly under the front of the thalamus Regulates eating, drinking, body temperature, and the fight or flight reactions to stress Plays a role in emotions, pleasure, and sexual function

Hippocampus Wraps around the back of the thalamus Plays a role in processing new memories for permanent storage Looks something like a seahorse –Hippo is Greek for “horse.”

Amygdala Two almond shaped structures Controls emotional responses such as fear and anger

Brain Plasticity Module 8: The Brain

Plasticity The ability of the brain tissue to take on new functions Greatest in childhood Important if parts of the brain are damaged or destroyed

The Brain Basic Brain Functions