FIG. 5.1 Multiple scattering is viewed as a random walk of the photon in diffusing wave spectroscopy (DWS)

FIG. 5.2 The relation is between the electric and magnetic fields and the direction of propagation of electromagnetic radiation.

FIG. 5.3 The relationship between the incident, and reflected beams of radiation at a plane surface.

FIG. 5.4 Coordinates and acceleration relevant to the interaction of an electric field with a charge: (a) the coordinates of an electric field E relative to an oscillating charge located at the origin; (b) projection of the acceleration in the plane perpendicular to the line of sight.

TABLE5.1 Steps Involved in the Derivation of the Rayleigh Equation

TABLE5.2 Some key Substitutions and Their for the Transformation of Equation(19) to (20)

FIG. 5.5 Schematic top view of a typical light scattering instrument showing the different components and the definition of θ.

FIG. 5.6 Definition of an element of area required for the summation over all angles of the intensity of scattered light.

FIG. 5.7 Plots of Hc/τ versus c for three different fraction polystyrene in methylethyl ketone.

TABLE5.3 Examples of the “Yardsticks” L yd and the “Characteristic Lengths” L ch Used in Different Theories of Scattering and the Different Properties Accessed through the Theories

FIG. 5.8 Interference of light rays scattered by segments I and j in a polymer chain.

FIG. 5.9 Experimental Zimm plot for cellulose nitrate in acetone.

TABLE5.4 Relationships Between the Radius of Gyration and the Geometrical Dimensions of some Bodies Having Shapes Pertinent to Colloid Chemistry

FIG Values of the dissymmetry ratio z versus the size parameter L ch /λ for spheres, random coils, and rods.

FIG Schematic representation of P(Q) for fractal objects. The different parts of the curve corresponding to (a) the center-of- mass region, (b) the Guinier region, (c) the fractal region, and (d) the porod region are indicated.

FIG Light scattering and small-angle x-ray scattering (SAXS) data for a dispersion of aggregates. The primary particles in the aggregates are monosize, spherical silica particles. The upper limit of s in the fractal region is roughly 0.2 nm -1.

FIG A schematic illustration of the physical significance of the end points of the fractal region.

TABLE5.5 Comparison of the range covered by various radiation scattering methods

TABLE5.6 Values for the constants A 1 to A 4 in equations (100) and (101)

FIG The real and imaginary parts of the complex refractive index of gold versus wavelength in air and in water.

FIG Scattering coefficients versus wavelength for spheres of colloidal gold having three different radii.

FIG Schematic illustration of intensity measurement and the corresponding autocorrelation function in dynamic light scattering: (a) variation of the intensity of the scattered light with time; (b) the variation of the autocorrelation function C(s,t d ) with the delay time t d.