Health psych ESA stem

3 approaches to the study of health psychology and briefly explain – Behaviourism Conditioning to a response – Social psychology Influence of social environment – Cognitive psychology How can behaviourism be subdivided – Classical conditioning Physical responses can be conditioned – Operant conditioning Positive reinforcement > punishment What is social cognition – Combination of social and cognitive psychology

How can psychological processes influence health – Dual pathway model what is a health behaviour – A behaviour affecting health

Determinants of health behaviour – Background factors Characteristics of people’s lives – Stable factors Individual differences between people that are stable within people – Social factors Social connections to immediate environment – Situational factors Appraisal of personal relevance

Types of stable factors – Emotional disposition Negative affect Emotional expression – generalised expectations Locus of control Self efficacy – Explanatory style Optimism Attributional style

3 health behaviour theories – Theory of planned behaviour – Health belief model – Transtheoretical model of change

5 illness belief dimensions – Identity – Cause – Time – Consequences – Control-cure

Types of screening – Population – Self – Opportunistic Types of prevention – Primary – avoid development – Secondary – detect early – Tertiary – treatment/rehab of established disease

Factors influencing screening uptake – Patient factors – Provider factors – Organisational factors How do you screen for depression – Have you felt down/depressed in past month – Have you been bothered by decreased interest in past month

Screen for alcohol – C – thought about cut-down – A – annoyed by criticism – G - guilty – E – eye-opener

Screening for smoking – 5 A Ask, advise, assess, assist, arrange – 5 R Relevance, risks, rewards, roadblocks, repetition

ABC of depression – Affect – Behaviour – Cognition Barriers to recognition – Patient level Symptoms secondary to chronic illness Language barrier Variation in presentation – Provider level Normalising attitudes Time constraints Lack of confidence asking Unsure of next step

6 models of psychological medicine – Egan’s 3 step model Explore problem Understand problem Action Review/evaluate – Cognitive behavioural therapy – Psychodynamic approach – Systemic approach – Humanistic approach – Integrated approach

Factors affecting consultation – Dr factors Experience Personality Training Targets Previous experience – Patient factors Experience of healthcare Personality Beliefs/fears Social network

Perspectives of stress – Stimulus – Response – Process Transactional model of stress – Stimulus – Primary appraisal (event demands) – Secondary appraisal (self) – Response (coping) – Health outcome (stress) Types of coping – Problem focussed – Emotion focussed

What is a somatoform disorder – Psychological problem expressed as physical (somatic) symptoms List and briefly describe different somatoform disorders – Somatoform disorder Express emotional problems as somatic symptoms – Conversion disorder Symptoms/deficits in voluntary movement or sensation – Hypochondrial disorder Preoccupation with developing/having serious disease – Somatoform pain disorder Pain of severity to cause clinically significant distress/impairment – Body dysmorphic disorder Preoccupation with imagined or minor real defect in appearance