Stoichiometry

Topic: Mass Calculations Unit: Stoichiometry Topic: Mass Calculations Objectives: Day 1 of 4 To learn how to perform mass calculations in chemical reactions (calculations that involve grams and chemical reactions)

Quickwrite Answer one of the questions below 1-2 sentences: In chemistry, we count by weighing moles; We can’t measure moles in a lab, BUT what unit of measurement can we use in the lab to count atoms or molecules??? Or what tool of measurement do we use in class to measure moles??? Review: Using the equation below, What is the mole ratio between water and oxygen gas, in other words, 2 moles of H2O will produce how many moles of O2? 2H2O(l) → 2H2(g) + 1O2(g)

Stoichiometry Chemistry is really all about reactions Reactions involve the rearrangement of atoms The calculation of the quantities of chemical elements or compounds involved in chemical reactions is called Stoichiometry It is the MOLES in the balanced chemical equation that enables us to determine just how much product forms 2H2O(l) → 2H2(g) + 1O2(g) In other words, if I have 2 moles of water (36 grams of water), then I can produce 1 mole of oxygen (32 grams of oxygen)

Stoichiometry Involves Dimensional Analysis Steps: What units are you solving for? What units are you given? Write the possible conversion factors. Start with what you know. Set up calculation so that units cancel. Solve the problem. Does the answer make sense?

Stoichiometry Involves Dimensional Analysis You drove 7 kilometers to school today. How many meters did you drive? 6. Solve the problem 4. Start with what you know 2. What units are you given? 7. Does the answer make sense 1. What units are you solving for? 5. Set up the calculation so the units cancel 3. What are the conversion factors? = meters 7 Kilometers Kilometers 1000 meters = 7000 meters 1 kilometers

What is Stoichiometry? The calculation of ________ of chemical elements or compounds involved in chemical ________ quantities Answer Bank Reactants conversion moles Quantities Reactions products reactions

Mass Calculations We just saw how to use balanced equations for a reaction to calculate the numbers of moles Remember, moles represent numbers of molecules and we cannot count molecules directly In chemistry, we count by weighing!!!!!!!! We don’t have a machine to count atoms, BUT, we do have a convenient tool for measuring atoms, it is called the GRAM!!!! When we weigh we use the gram, therefore we need to learn how to convert moles to mass

Mass Calculations Let’s consider an unbalanced combustion reaction in which propane reacts with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water C3H8(g) + O2(g) → CO2(g) + H2O(g) What mass of oxygen will be required to react exactly with 44.1 grams of propane?

Mass Calculations First, we need to balance the equation: C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) → 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g) Let’s summarize what we know and what we want to find What we know: The balanced equation for the reaction The mass or amount of propane availible(44.1g) What we want to calculate: The mass of oxygen required to react exactly with all the propane

C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) → 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g) Mass Calculations 44.1 g propane requires ??? Grams of O2 C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) → 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g) Our overall plan of attack is as follows: We are given the number of grams of propane, so we must convert to moles of propane (C3H8), because the balanced equation deals in moles not grams Next, we can use the coefficients in the balanced equation to determine the moles of oxygen(O2) required Finally, we will use the molar mass of O2 to calculate grams of oxygen

C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) → 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g) Our Plan of Attack! We are given grams of propane We have to convert grams of propane into moles Use mole ratio 2 convert moles of propane into moles of O2 We have to convert moles into grams of O2 44.1 g propane ? moles of propane ? moles of O2 ? Grams of O2 44.1 g C3H8 requires ?? g O2 C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) → 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g)

C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) → 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g) Next, we can use the coefficients in the balanced equation to determine the moles of oxygen(O2) required Finally, we will use the molar mass of O2 to calculate grams of oxygen We are given the number of grams of propane, so we must convert to moles of propane (C3H8), because the balanced equation deals in moles not grams 44.1 g C3H8 1 mol C3H8 32.0 g O2 5 mol O2 = 160 g of O2 44.09 g C3H8 1 mol O2 1 mol C3H8

Practice: 2Al(s) + 3I2(g) → 2AlI3(s) Consider the above reaction Calculate how many grams of the product aluminum Iodide (AlI3)would be produced by the complete reaction of 35.0 grams of Aluminum (Al)

Our Plan of Attack! 2Al(s) + 3I2(g) → 2AlI3(s) 35.0 g of Al ? moles of Al ? moles of AlI3 ? Grams of AlI3 We are given grams of Al We have to convert grams of Al into moles of Al Use mole ratio 2 convert moles moles of AlI3 convert moles into grams of AlI3 2Al(s) + 3I2(g) → 2AlI3(s)

2Al(s) + 3I2(g) → 2AlI3(s) = 528.87 g Back to the problem!!!! Calculate how many grams of the product aluminum Iodide (AlI3)would be produced by the complete reaction of 35.0 grams of Aluminum (Al) 35.0 g Al 1 mol Al 407.68 g AlI3 2 mol AlI3 = 528.87 g of AlI3 26.98 g Al 1 mol AlI3 2 mol Al Mass of Al  Mass of AlI3

2Al(s) + 3I2(g) → 2AlI3(s) = 528.87 g Back to the problem!!!! Calculate how many grams of the product aluminum Iodide (AlI3)would be produced by the complete reaction of 35.0 grams of Aluminum (Al) 1 mol Al 2 mol AlI3 35.0 g Al 26.98 g Al 2 mol Al 407.68 g AlI3 1 mol AlI3 = 528.87 g of AlI3 Mass of Al  Mass of AlI3

Br2(l) + 2NaCl(aq) → 2NaBr(aq) + Cl2(g) Practice: Br2(l) + 2NaCl(aq) → 2NaBr(aq) + Cl2(g) Consider the above balanced reaction Calculate how many grams of the product chlorine(Cl2) be produced by the complete reaction of 3.0 Moles of sodium chloride (NaCl) Hint: this time you are given MOLES!!!!! So, start with moles and convert moles of NaCl into grams of Cl2 3.0 mol NaCl 70.9 g Cl2 1 mol Cl2 = 106.5 g of Cl2 2 mol NaCl 1 mol Cl2 Moles of NaCl  Mass of CI2

Practice: How many grams of chlorine gas are needed to produce 10.0 g of sodium chloride? Remember to balance first!!!!! Cl2 + NaI  NaCl + I2 2 2 10.0 g NaCl 1 mol NaCl 70.9 g Cl2 1 mol Cl2 = 6.06 g Cl2 58.43 g NaCl 2 mol NaCl 1 mol Cl2 Mass of NaCl  Mass of CI2

4Al+ 2O2 → 2Al2O3 Calculate how many Molecules of aluminum oxide (Al2O3)would be produced by the complete reaction of 3.4 grams of Aluminum (Al) 3.4 g Al 1 mol Al 2 mol Al2O3 6.02 x 1023 molecules Al2O3 = 3.79 x 1022 Molecules of Al2O3 26.98 g Al 1 mol Al2O3 4 mol Al

Summarize: (fill in the blank) Grams of reactant ___ of reactant Moles of product Grams of_____ You are given ____ of reactant Use Molar mass Of reactant to Get moles of ______ Use mole _____ To get from Moles of reactant To moles of product Use Molar ___ Of product to Get grams of Answer Bank Product Ratio Mass moles reactant grams

Topic: Limiting Reactant Unit: Stoichiometry Topic: Limiting Reactant Objectives: Day 2 of 4 To learn what the limiting reactant is in a chemical reaction To learn how to calculate the limiting reactant using moles of reactants

Quickwrite Answer one of the questions below 1-2 sentences: A sandwich recipe requires 2 pieces of bread, 3 slices of meat and 1 slice of cheese; you go into the kitchen and realize that you have 2 pieces of bread, 1 slice of cheese, and NO MEAT; what limited affected your ability to make your sandwich???

Limiting Reactants Earlier, we discussed making sandwiches Recall, that the sandwich making process could be described as follows: 2 pieces of bread + 3 slices of meat + 1 slice of cheese →1 sandwich In this equation, all the products are used up, nothing was left over Now assume you came to work one day and found the following quantities of ingredients

Limiting Reactants Now assume you came to work one day and found the following quantities of ingredients 20 slices of bread 24 slices of meat 12 slices of cheese How many sandwiches can you make? What will be left over

Limiting Reactants Bread: Meat: Cheese: To solve this problem, let’s see how many sandwiches we can make with each ingredient: Bread: Meat: Cheese: How many sandwiches can you make? The answer is 8! Once you run out of meat, you must stop making sandwiches. The meat is the limiting ingredient! 20 slices of bread =10 sandwiches 1 sandwich 2 slices of bread 24 slices of meat 1 sandwich = 8 sandwiches 3 slices of meat 12 slices of cheese =12 sandwiches 1 sandwich 1 slice of cheese

Limiting Reactants What do you have left over? Making 8 sandwiches requires 16 pieces of bread You started with 20 slices, so you have 4 slices of bread left over You also used 8 pieces of cheese for the 8 sandwiches, so you have 4 pieces of cheese left over In this example, the meat was the limiting reactant

Limiting Reactants When molecules react with each other to form products, considerations very similar to those making sandwiches arise Consider the reaction that occurs when Hydrogen Gas reacts with oxygen gas to form water H2(gas) H2O(liquid) + O2(gas)

Limiting Reactants The reaction occurs between 10 H2 molecules and 7 O2 molecules Remember, each O2 molecule requires 2 H2 molecules 2H2(gas) 2H2O(liquid) + O2(gas)

Limiting Reactants After the reaction, 10 water molecules formed and 2 O2 molecules are left over That is, the H2 molecules are used up before the water molecules are consumed We have excess (extra) O2 and H2 is the limiting reactant because the reaction runs out of H2 first 2H2(gas) 2H2O(liquid) + O2(gas)

What is the Limiting Reactant? The _______ that is completely _________ or used up when a reaction is run to completion The reactant that is not completely consumed is in _____ consumed reactant excess Answer Bank Moles consumed product Limiting reactant excess

Practice: Consider the reaction: N2 + 3 H2  2 NH3 What is the limiting reactant if 2 moles of Nitrogen gas react with 7 moles of hydrogen gas???? Given: 2 mole of N2 7 mol of H2 Take the moles of each reactant given and divide it by the coefficient (or moles) of the balanced equation. What is the limiting reactant? 2 < 2.3, So N2 is the limiting reactant because it has the lowest ratio!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 7 moles of H2 3 moles of H2 = 2.3 moles of H2 2 moles of N2 1 moles of N2 = 2.0 moles of N2

Practice: Consider the reaction: N2 + 3 H2  2 NH3 What is the limiting reactan if you have 3 moles of N2 and 6 moles of H2 Given: 3 mole of N2 6 mol of H2 2 < 3, Sooooo, H2 is the limiting reactant because it has the lowest ratio!!!!!!!!!!!!!! 6 moles of H2 3 moles of H2 = 2 moles of H2 3 moles of N2 1 moles of N2 = 3 moles of N2

Calculations that involve a Limiting Reactant Consider the following reaction CH4(g) + H2O(g) → 3H2(g) + CO(g) What mass of water is required to react exactly with 249 grams of methane? In other words, how much water will use up 249 grams of methane?

Calculations that involve a Limiting Reactant This result means that if 249 grams of methane is mixed with 279 grams of water, Both reactants will “run out” at the same time On the other hand, if 249 grams of methane is With 300 grams of water, the methane will be Used up before the water; therefore, the methane Is the limiting reactant and the water is in excess Consider the following reaction CH4(g) + H2O(g) → 3H2(g) + CO(g) What mass of water is required to react exactly with 249 grams of methane? In other words, how much water will use up 249 grams of methane? 249 g CH4 1 mol CH4 18.02 g H2O 1 mol H2O = 279 g of H2O 16.04 g CH4 1 mol H2O 1 mol CH4

Practice: This reaction is different from the others we have done So far in that we are mixing specified amounts of Two reactants together. To know how much product Forms we must we must determine which reactant is consumed first. In other words, we must determine The limiting reactant Suppose 25 grams of nitrogen reacted with 5 grams of hydrogen gas are mixed and react to form ammonia. Calculate the mass of ammonia produced when this reaction is run to completion N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g)

Practice: Suppose 25 grams of nitrogen reacted with 5 grams of hydrogen gas are mixed and react to form ammonia. Calculate the mass of ammonia produced when this reaction is run to completion N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g) 25.0 g N2 1 mol N2 = .892 moles of N2 28.0 g N2 5.0 g H2 1 mol H2 = 2.48 moles of H2 2.016 g H2 First we calculate the moles of the two reactants present :

Practice: Now we must determine which reactant is the limiting reactant. We have 0.892 moles of nitrogen Let’s determine how many moles of hydrogen Are required to react with this much nitrogen. Because 1 mol of nitrogen reacts with 3 mol of Hydrogen, the number of moles of hydrogen we Need to react completely with 0.892 mol of nitrogen is calculated as follows: Practice: Suppose 25 grams of nitrogen reacted with 5 grams of hydrogen gas are mixed and react to form ammonia. Calculate the mass of ammonia produced when this reaction is run to completion N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g) 0.892 mol N2 3 mol H2 = 2.68 moles of H2 1 mol N2 Is nitrogen or hydrogen the limiting reactant? The answer comes from the comparison: 2.48 moles of H2 available < 2.68 moles of H2 required This means that the hydrogen will be consumed first before the nitrogen Runs out, so hydrogen is the limiting reactant

Reflect: We see that 0.892 mol of nitrogen require 2.68 mol Of hydrogen to react completely. However, only 2.48 Mol of hydrogen are available. This means that the hydrogen will be consumed before the nitrogen runs out, so Hydrogen Is the limiting reactant If the nitrogen is excess, then the hydrogen will run out first. Again we find that the hydrogen limits the amount of ammonia Formed Because the moles of hydrogen are limiting, we must use Our quantity of Hydrogen to determine the moles of ammonia that can form Practice: Suppose 25 grams of nitrogen reacted with 5 grams of hydrogen gas are mixed and react to form ammonia. Calculate the mass of ammonia produced when this reaction is run to completion N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g) 25.0 g N2 2.48 mol H2 2 mol NH3 = 28.1 g of NH3 17.0 g NH3 3 mol H2 1 mol NH3

Summarize: When determining the limiting reactant we first convert mass into_____ The smaller molar value of the reactants is the _____ reactant and the larger molar value of the reactants is in excess The limiting reactant will determine how much ______ will form Answer Bank Moles consumed product Limiting reactant excess

Topic: Theoretical & Percent Yield Unit: Stoichiometry Topic: Theoretical & Percent Yield Objectives: Day 4 of 4 To understand what theoretical yield is To learn how to calculate percent yield using the theoretical yield

Quickwrite Answer one of the questions below 1-2 sentences: Chemists who work for companies like to know how efficient a reaction is, in other words, they would like to know how much product forms after a reaction runs to completion; why do you think chemists would want to know this???

Percent Yield If you recall, the amount of product formed is determined by the limiting reactant The amount of product calculated using stoichiometry is called the theoretical yield The theoretical yield is the amount of product predicted from the amounts of reactants used up Think of it as the maximum amount of product that could be produced from 100% of the reactants being used up The theoretical yield is rarely if ever actually obtained

What is the theoretical yield? The ________ maximum amount of product that can be formed when the limiting reactant is completely used up or ________ It is calculated using ___________ calculated Answer Bank actual Consumed percentage stoichiometry Calculated theoretical consumed stoichiometry

Percent Yield Why is the theoretical yield never reached? One reason for this is the presence of side reactions that consume some of the reactants The actual yield of product, which is the amount of product actually obtained, is compared to the theoretical yield This comparison, called the percent yield, is expressed as a percent The percent yield is calculated by dividing the actual yield / by the theoretical yield Percent yield = Actual yield x 100% Theoretical yield

What is the percent yield? The ______ (experimental) yield of a product given as a _________ over of the __________ yield Percent yield = Actual yield x 100% Theoretical yield actual percentage theoretical Answer Bank actual Consumed percentage stoichiometry Calculated theoretical

Practice: Consider the balanced reaction below: 2H2(g) + CO (g) → CH3OH(l) Suppose 68.5 grams of CO is reacted with 8.6 grams of H2 Calculate the theoretical yield of methanol CH3OH(l) Your experiment actually produces 35.7 grams of methanol CH3OH(l) What is the percent yield of methanol CH3OH(l) ?

Step 1: Calculate the moles of reactants Practice: Step 1: Calculate the moles of reactants Consider the balanced reaction below: 2H2(g) + CO (g) → CH3OH(l) Suppose 68.5 grams of CO is reacted with 8.6 grams of H2 Calculate the theoretical yield of methanol CH3OH(l) 68.5 g CO = 2.45 moles of CO 1 mol CO 28.01 g CO 8.60 g H2 = 4.27 moles of H2 1 mol H2 2.016 g H2

The answer comes from the comparison: Practice: Step 2: Now we determine which reactant is limiting using The mole ratio of between CO and H2 Consider the balanced reaction below: 2H2(g) + CO (g) → CH3OH(l) Suppose 68.5 grams of CO is reacted with 8.6 grams of H2 Calculate the theoretical yield of methanol CH3OH(l) 2.45 mol CO = 4.9 moles of H2 2 mol H2 1 mol CO Is CO or H2 the limiting reactant? The answer comes from the comparison: 4.27 moles of H2 present < 4.9 moles of H2 needed to react with all the CO This means that the hydrogen will be consumed first before the CO Runs out, so hydrogen is the limiting reactant

Practice: Consider the balanced reaction below: Step 3: We must use the amount of H2 and the mole ratio between CH3OH and H2 to determine the maximum amount of methanol that can be produced Consider the balanced reaction below: 2H2(g) + CO (g) → CH3OH(l) Suppose 68.5 grams of CO is reacted with 8.6 grams of H2 Calculate the theoretical yield of methanol CH3OH(l) 4.27 mol H2 = 2.14 moles of CH3OH 1 mol CH3OH(l) 2 mol H2 2.14 represents the theoretical yield Which if you recall, is the maximum amount of a given product that can be formed when the limiting reactant is completely used up or consumed

Step 4: Convert moles to grams Practice: Step 4: Convert moles to grams Consider the balanced reaction below: 2H2(g) + CO (g) → CH3OH(l) Suppose 68.5 grams of CO is reacted with 8.6 grams of H2 Calculate the theoretical yield of methanol CH3OH(l) 2.14 mol CH3OH = 68.6 grams of CH3OH 32.04 g CH3OH 1 mol CH3OH

Practice: Consider the balanced reaction below: Step 5: Calculate percent yield by dividing the actual yield (35.7 g) by the theoretical yield (68.6 g) Consider the balanced reaction below: 2H2(g) + CO (g) → CH3OH(l) Suppose 68.5 grams of CO is reacted with 8.6 grams of H2 Calculate the theoretical yield of methanol CH3OH(l) Your experiment actually produces 35.7 grams of methanol CH3OH(l) Percent yield = 35.7 g CH3OH x100 = 52% 68.6 g CH3OH

Summarize: The _____ ______ is the calculated maximum amount of product that can be formed when the limiting reactant is completely used up or consumed The _____ ______ is the actual (experimental) yield of a product given as a percentage over of the theoretical yield % Yield = ___????____ x 100% ????

Topic: Percent Yield Calculations Unit: Stoichiometry Topic: Percent Yield Calculations Objectives: Day 3 of 4 To understand what theoretical yield is To learn how to calculate percent yield using the theoretical yield

Quickwrite Answer one of the questions below 1-2 sentences: Chemists who work for companies like to know how efficient a reaction is, in other words, they would like to know how much product forms after a reaction runs to completion; why do you think chemists would want to know this??? According to your recipe, you should have produced 2 liters of lemonade, but something went wrong and you actually produced 1.8 liters of lemonade; What percentage of lemonade did you make????

Percent Yield If you recall, the amount of product formed is determined by the limiting reactant The amount of product calculated using stoichiometry is called the theoretical yield The theoretical yield is the amount of product predicted from the amounts of reactants used up Think of it as the maximum amount of product that could be produced from 100% of the reactants being used up The theoretical yield is rarely if ever actually obtained

What is the theoretical yield? The ________ maximum amount of product that can be formed when the limiting reactant is completely used up or ________ It is calculated using ___________ calculated Answer Bank actual Consumed percentage stoichiometry Calculated theoretical consumed stoichiometry

Actual Yield What your produce in the lab The amount of product actually produced by a chemical reaction is the actual yield The actual yield is the amount of product that actually forms when the reaction is carried out in the laboratory In other words it is the true amount of product formed from the experiment

What is the Actual yield? The amount of product that ______ forms when the reaction is carried out in the ______ actually laboratory Answer Bank Consumed laboratory stoichiometry Calculated Theoretical actually

Percent Yield ratio of actual/theoretical Why is the theoretical yield never reached? One reason for this is the presence of side reactions that consume some of the reactants Other times, the reaction is never run to completion The actual yield of product, which is the amount of product actually obtained, is compared to the theoretical yield This comparison, called the percent yield, is expressed as a percent The percent yield is calculated by dividing the actual yield / by the theoretical yield Percent yield = Actual yield x 100% Theoretical yield

What is the percent yield? The ______ yield divided by the _______ yield then multiplied by 100 as a _________ Percent yield = Actual yield x 100% Theoretical yield actual theoretical percentage Answer Bank actual Consumed percentage stoichiometry Calculated theoretical

Practice: Consider the balanced reaction below: 2H2(g) + CO (g) → CH3OH(l) Suppose 68.5 grams of CO is reacted with 8.6 grams of H2 1) Calculate the theoretical yield of methanol CH3OH(l) 2) Your experiment actually produces 35.7 grams of methanol CH3OH(l) 3) What is the percent yield of methanol CH3OH(l) ?

Step 1: Calculate the moles of reactants Practice: Step 1: Calculate the moles of reactants Consider the balanced reaction below: 2H2(g) + CO (g) → CH3OH(l) Suppose 68.5 grams of CO is reacted with 8.6 grams of H2 Calculate the theoretical yield of methanol CH3OH(l) 68.5 g CO = 2.45 moles of CO 1 mol CO 28.01 g CO 8.60 g H2 = 4.27 moles of H2 1 mol H2 2.016 g H2

The answer comes from the comparison: Practice: Step 2: Now we determine which reactant is limiting using The mole ratio of between CO and H2 Consider the balanced reaction below: 2H2(g) + CO (g) → CH3OH(l) Suppose 68.5 grams of CO is reacted with 8.6 grams of H2 Calculate the theoretical yield of methanol CH3OH(l) 2.45 mol CO = 4.9 moles of H2 2 mol H2 1 mol CO Is CO or H2 the limiting reactant? The answer comes from the comparison: 4.27 moles of H2 present < 4.9 moles of H2 needed to react with all the CO This means that the hydrogen will be consumed first before the CO Runs out, so hydrogen is the limiting reactant

Practice: Consider the balanced reaction below: Step 3: We must use the amount of H2 and the mole ratio between CH3OH and H2 to determine the maximum amount of methanol that can be produced Consider the balanced reaction below: 2H2(g) + CO (g) → CH3OH(l) Suppose 68.5 grams of CO is reacted with 8.6 grams of H2 Calculate the theoretical yield of methanol CH3OH(l) 4.27 mol H2 = 2.14 moles of CH3OH 1 mol CH3OH(l) 2 mol H2 2.14 represents the theoretical yield Which if you recall, is the maximum amount of a given product that can be formed when the limiting reactant is completely used up or consumed

Step 4: Convert moles to grams Practice: Step 4: Convert moles to grams Consider the balanced reaction below: 2H2(g) + CO (g) → CH3OH(l) Suppose 68.5 grams of CO is reacted with 8.6 grams of H2 Calculate the theoretical yield of methanol CH3OH(l) 2.14 mol CH3OH = 68.6 grams of CH3OH 32.04 g CH3OH 1 mol CH3OH

Practice: Consider the balanced reaction below: Step 5: Calculate percent yield by dividing the actual yield (35.7 g) by the theoretical yield (68.6 g) Consider the balanced reaction below: 2H2(g) + CO (g) → CH3OH(l) Suppose 68.5 grams of CO is reacted with 8.6 grams of H2 Calculate the theoretical yield of methanol CH3OH(l) Your experiment actually produces 35.7 grams of methanol CH3OH(l) Percent yield = 35.7 g CH3OH x100 = 52% 68.6 g CH3OH

Summarize: The _____ ______ is the calculated maximum amount of product that can be formed when the limiting reactant is completely used up or consumed The _____ ______ is the actual (experimental) yield of a product given as a percentage over of the theoretical yield % Yield = ___????____ x 100% ????

Topic: Molecular and Empirical Formulas Unit: Stoichiometry Topic: Molecular and Empirical Formulas Objectives: Day 4 of 4 To understand the difference between molecular and empirical formulas To learn how to calculate empirical formulas and molecular formulas given percent composition and mass

Empirical Formulas The formula for a compound that is determined experimentally. A formula that represents the Smallest whole-number mole ratio of the different atoms in the compound. In other words, it is the simplest formula for a compound.

Empirical Formula Molecular Formula Empirical Formula H2O2 HO CH2O Molecular Formula A formula based on the actual numbers of atoms of each type in the Empirical Formula A formula that gives the simplest whole-number ratio of the atoms of each element in a compound. Molecular Formula Empirical Formula H2O2 HO CH2O C6H12O6 CH3O CH3O C2H4O2 CH2O

What is an Empirical Formula?? A formula that represents the _____ whole-number ratio of the different atoms in the compound. In other words, it is the _____ formula for a compound. Example glucose Answer Bank Simplest Numbers oxygen Smallest CH2O Molecular Formula Empirical Formula C6H12O6 ??????

Practice: Write the empirical formula for N2O4 A formula that represents the Using the smallest or lowest whole-number ratio of N2O4 we get…. N2O4 NO2

Steps for determining Empirical Formulas Assume a 100 g sample when given percents. This makes 10.3 % = 10.3 g Convert grams into moles for each element. Divide the all the moles by smallest number of moles to get the lowest whole number ratio. Write the empirical formula.

Therefore the empirical formula is CaCl2 A compound was found to contain 36.11 % calcium and 63.89 % chlorine by mass. What is its empirical formula? What assumption did you make? 36.11 % Ca = 36.11 g Ca 63.89 % Cl = 63.89 g Cl Step 1 Assume a 100 g sample when given % Step 2 Convert grams into moles for each element. Step 3 Divide the all the moles by smallest number of moles 1 mol Ca = 0.9009 mol Ca = 1 mol Ca 40.08g Ca 0.9009 1 mol Cl = 1.802 mol Cl = 2 mol Cl 35.45g Ca 0.9009 Step 4 Write the empirical formula Therefore the empirical formula is CaCl2

This gives us the empirical formula is Fe1O1.4 Problem: Write the Empirical Formula for a compound composed of: 72% iron and 27.6% oxygen by mass. 72.% Fe = 72.00 g Ca 27.6 % O = 27.60 g O Step 1 Assume a 100 g sample when given % Step 2 Convert grams into moles for each element. Step 3 Divide all the moles by smallest number of moles 1 mol Fe = 1.230 mol Fe = 1 mol Fe 55.84g Fe 1.230 1 mol O = 1.730 mol O = 1.5 mol O 16.00g O 1.230 Step 4 Write the empirical formula This gives us the empirical formula is Fe1O1.4 Since 1.4 atoms does not exist, we need to multiply the compound by 2, so we get 2(Fe1O1.5) = Fe2O3

Molecular Formulas C2H4O2 For example, consider glucose or sugar: A molecular formula is based on the actual number of atoms in each type of compound or molecule For example, consider glucose or sugar: The molecular formula tells us that it contains 2 Carbon atoms, 4 Hydrogen atoms, and 2 Oxygen atoms C2H4O2 77

What is a Molecular Formula? A formula based on the actual _______ of atoms in each type of compound or molecule Example: glucose C2H4O2 has 2 Carbon atoms, 4 Hydrogen atoms, and 2 ______ atoms Answer Bank Simplest Numbers oxygen Smallest CH2O 78

Steps for determining Molecular Formulas 1. Find molar mass of the empirical formula (EF). 2. The molar mass of the molecule will be given. 3. Divide ___molar mass _of molecule______ molar mass of Empirical Formula 4. Multiply your answer from “step e” by the subscripts given in the empirical formula.

1. Find molar mass of the empirical formula Practice: Find the molecular formula for a compound with an empirical formula of CH4N if the molar mass of the molecule is 60.12 g/mole. 1. Find molar mass of the empirical formula Molar mass of Empirical Formula – CH4N C = 1 x12.0 = 12.0 g/mole H = 1.0 x 4 = 4.0 g/mole N = 1 x 14 = 14.0 g/mole Molar mass of Empirical Formula = 30.0 g/mole 2. The molar mass of the molecule will be given. Molar mass molecule (given) = 60.12 g/mole

Practice: Find the molecular formula for a compound with an empirical formula of CH4N if the molar mass of the molecule is 60.12 g/mole. 3. Divide _________molar mass _of molecule_________ molar mass of Empirical Formula ____Molar Mass _molecule____ = 60.12 g/mole = 2.00 Molar mass Empirical Formula 30.0 g/mole 4. Multiply your answer from the previous step by the subscripts given in the empirical formula. 2(CH4N) = C2H8N2 Therefore the Molecular Formula is C2H8N2

1. Find molar mass of the empirical formula Practice: Determine the molecular formula of a compound with an empirical formula of NH2 and Molecular or molar mass of 32.06 g/mole. 1. Find molar mass of the empirical formula Molar mass of Empirical Formula – NH2 N = 1 x14.0 = 14.0 g/mole H = 2.0 x 1 = 2.0 g/mole Molar mass of Empirical Formula = 16.0 g/mole 2. The molar mass of the molecule will be given. Molar mass molecule (given) = 32.06 g/mole

Practice: Determine the molecular formula of a compound with an empirical formula of NH2 and Molecular or molar mass of 32.06 g/mole. 3. Divide ______molar mass _of molecule_______________ molar mass of Empirical Formula ____Molar Mass _molecule____ = 32.06 g/mole = 2.00 Molar mass Empirical Formula 16.0 g/mole 4. Multiply your answer from the previous step by the subscripts given in the empirical formula. 2(NH2) = N2H4 Therefore the Molecular Formula is N2H4

Summarize: Compare and contrast the empirical formula with the molecular formula: Can the empirical formula be the same as the molecular formula???? What do you do if the subscript is not a whole number such as 1.4???? Complete the table: Molecular Formula Empirical Formula P4O6 C6H9