Shallow reservoir analogues: Comparison of seismic and ground penetrating radar (GPR) imaging Roger Young Associate Professor of Geophysics OU

• GPR uses wavefield processing similar to seismic methods • My students have mostly been MS and/or undergraduates • Field projects, data reduction using commercial software (mostly Ekko-Pro, SPW, ProMAX, Kingdom Suite) • Early proponent of 3D GPR surveys

Significance: Seismic attributes characterize fluvial-deltaic channels Young, R.A., Deng, Z., Marfurt, K.J., Nissen, S.E, 1996, 3-D dip filtering and coherence applied to GPR data: A study, The Leading Edge, 1011-1018. Significance: Seismic attributes characterize fluvial-deltaic channels on 3D GPR data

-Data available- N S E NW SE Correa-Correa, H., Young, R.A., Slatt, R.M., 2006, 3-D Characterization of a channel system in an outcrop reservoir analog derived from GPR and measured sections, Rattlesnake Ridge, Wyoming, SEG Expanded Abstract

-Results: Synthetic tie- Significance: Interfaces identified on the measured sections can be correlated with GPR data through synthetic radargrams

Significance: GoCAD used to interpolate horizons from a Significance: GoCAD used to interpolate horizons from a complicated fence diagram

Young, R. A. , Staggs, J. G. , and Slatt, R. M. , van Dam, R Young, R.A., Staggs, J.G., and Slatt, R.M., van Dam, R., 2007, Application of 1-D convolutional modeling to interpretation of GPR profiles –turbidite Sandstone 1, Lewis shale, Wyoming, JEEG, 12, 3, 241-254. Significance: Convolutional modeling constrained by lab and outcrop measurements identifies GPR reflection events

Ramirez, D. M., Young, R.A, 2007, Fracture orientation determination in sedimentary rocks using multicomponent GPR measurements, The Leading Edge, 1010-1016.

Significance: Multicomponent/multi-azimuth GPR data senses fracture Significance: Multicomponent/multi-azimuth GPR data senses fracture orientation in evaporites

Significance: Spectral decomposition of GPR data Geerdes, I., Young, R.A., 2007, Spectral decomposition of 3D GPR data from an alluvial environment, The Leading Edge, 1024-1030. Significance: Spectral decomposition of GPR data reveals tuning in a sand wedge

Hoyos, J., Young, R.A., 2001, Near-surface, SH-wave surveys in unconsolidated, alluvial sediments, The Leading Edge, 936-948.

Significance: SH-wave reflections are more useful than P-wave reflections

“Old” seismic equipment OU Field Camp (1992-2006)

Raw Data Mute, AGC Before NMO After NMO Example Early Muting and AGC on Line 3 Raw Data Mute, AGC 75ms window for AGC 75 -6 dB for pre- rasterization gain Example NMO Correction on Line 3 – SH-SH data Before NMO After NMO

L1 L3 Line locations of shear-wave surveys at the Abbey. Tie between Line 3 and Line 1 3D View of horizons picked in the seismic grid from the Abbey. Top and bottom of the Pierre Shale are the two shallowest horizons.

“New” seismic field equipment 2 24-Channel Geodes 48 channel (.52 m takeout spacing) cable 48 channel (4.0 m takeout spacing) cable 24 channel downhole hydrophone array 52 28-Hz vertical geophones 48 40-Hz vertical geophones Significance: Potential to record vertical, radial, and transverse component data using “P”, “SV”, and “SH” sources and to jump from 2D to 3D Through the Incorporated Research Institutions in Seismology (IRIS), we could borrow NN additional channels of recording capability, IVI mini-vibrator

Future work

• DMO and spectral decomposition enhancement of GPR CMP gathers Nate Johnson, Senior thesis CMP/CRP 167_2 CMP/CRP 103

• Seismic characterization of the Arbuckle-Simpson aquifer Breanne Kennedy, MS thesis (Devon support) • 2D near-surface and exploration-scale seismic data from Hunton anticline • targets: fractures, karst features, pC basement topography • Rayleigh wave inversion for shear-wave velocity structure (MASW) Rika Burr, Senior thesis • GPR/ERT characterization of the Oswaldo Davogustto, MS thesis

Common Source Gathers direct arrival refraction reflection Average Apparent Velocities soil profile ~ 363 m/s bedrock ~ 3046 m/s direct arrival refraction reflection Rayleigh waves

• S/N enhancement on 3D seismic Carlos Russian, MS thesis • S/N enhancement on 3D seismic cross-spread F-K, K-L transform methods • 3D multicomponent study of seismic SV waves record SV-waves on OU seismic system SV impulsive source, radial component geophones simple raypath geometry strong event ?? compare to similar near-surface and exploration scale surveys

N/S shot gather Apparent Velocity ~ 4733 m/s

Geological Survey of Canada SV-wave and P-wave high resolution seismic reflection using vertical impacting and vibrating sources Andre Pugin Susan Pullen James Hunter Geological Survey of Canada

A Practical Approach to a 3D Multi-Component Seismic Project Alison Small (Parallel Petroleum Corp) J.W. (Tom) Thomas (Dawson Geophysical) Seth H. Conway (Dawson Geophysical) SEG 2007 presentation P-Wave S-Wave Ri 3-Component Geophone 2.2 Sec 1.1 Sec Rx P Objectives:

Test Sourcing And Numbering All have Rx and Ri V V Shot Line 1076 Shot Line 1146 Shot Station 1173-1176 1212 hybrid swath 2x2 Receiver Line 6213 Receiver Line 6145 Shot Line 1006 1169-1196 V

900 ms 700 ms 350 ms Production “P” Migrated 1800 ms 1400 ms 750 ms Production “Shear” Migrated