Stamp! Obj #24-30 Board! Test! Monday! Be Wise! Compare your objectives and add new insights.

What about fish? 3 rd major source of food for humans 1 billion people rely on fish for main source of protein Some ocean wild fish populations are overfished Fisheries collapse? As of 2006, 30% of fisheries worldwide have declined by 90%

Fish Farming (ff: 9min) (ff: 9min) (ff: 9min) Global fish production has increased by more than 20% since 1980, mostly due to aquaculture Raising fish/shellfish, seaweeds in tanks = aquaculture

Oceanic Fish Farms Stock, feed, clean Density may require antibiotics Clean water pumped in one end and used water out the other

Tradeoffs! Can be local Scalable Can be combined with plants for a nutrient cycle Protein source Dense populations can spread disease, waste products (density dependent!) Consideration of what they are being fed Escaping fish may spread disease

Awkward segue....

Test Monday – All Food objectives Tutorials: first 20 min of lunch today in minitheater Monday morning

AP it up! For each of these sentences, use your notes/objectives to add supporting specific details

AP it up! Monocultures reduce diversity which is not sustainable. CAFOs cause resistance to antibiotics. The industrial food system is very dependent on fossil fuels. The use of pesticides is contributing to Colony Collapse Disorder.

Sustainability considerations Processed food Transported food Stored food Monoculture Pesticides Inorganic Fertilizers Mechanization Short term gains Cost minimization priority over human rights Whole foods Local food Seasonal food Polyculture/polyvarietal IPM pest strategies Organic fertilizers People/animal power Long term soil fertility Fair trade = fair wages for fair work

A spectrum of choices – all growers deal with pests! Industrial Integrated PestOrganic/ Agriculturemanagementtraditional Least sustainablemost sustainable

Integrated pest management Overarching philosophy: ◦ Eradication of pests is not possible, so the goal must be pest suppression. ◦ General practice: Monitor pest populations. When damage of crops will cost more than the cost of action, IPM managers take steps to control pests. Pesticides will be used only as a last resort.

Guiding principle: Pests and diseases generally are plant-specific. Examples – Boll weevil attacks cotton plants Rust and smut fungus attack corn Yellow rust fungus attacks wheat

Diversity protects harvests from pests and diseases because they run out of food.

Monocultures are like a banquet!

Consider the issue of Colony Collapse Disorder (CCD) Pesticides Monocultures Mites/bee diseases Flowerless landscapes Analyze your IPM strategy and determine ◦ 1. how it works ◦ 2. why it’s more sustainable ◦ 3. it’s role in reversing CCD

Cultivation/physical approaches Crop rotation – non-legume, legume, fallow field/cover crop

Each crop demands a different mix of soil nutrients Root/fruit/flowers: high Phosphorous demand (nucleic acids) Leaves: Nitrogen (photosynthesis proteins)

Cultivation/physical approaches Hedge rows provide shelter for beneficial insects, insectivorous birds and other pest predators (preying mantis, ladybugs, bats)

Biological pest control Release beneficial insects purchased in quantity (pest predators), encourage insectivorous birds

Other predators

Insectivorous birds

Biological Pest control Release of sterile males: mate with females, no offspring produced.

Chemical Pest control Pheromones: used in bait traps to lure insects away from crops

Chemical control Hormone disruptors prevent molting or development to next stage. As a last resort, IPM farmers will use pesticides (herbicides, insecticides, rodenticides, fungicides)

Current sustainability choices Advantages Disadvantages

“Organic farming is a crucial WME (weapon of mass enlightenment). - Gary Hirshberg CEO of Stoneyfield organic yogurt