Wednesday, June 3, 2015 HOMEWORK: Complete Peacock model (Doc#19) Evolution Test June 10,11,15,16 OBJECTIVE: I will be able to apply a general model of natural selection to a variety of cases that focus on both survival and reproduction using the specific examples discussed in class earlier in the unit. DO NOW: In your own words define: Population, Trait, Advantageous, Environmental change.

We have now developed a general natural selection model. 2 Initial population1. The initial population varies in many traits. Most individuals have one version of some traits. Environmental change2. An environmental change occurs. Some traits help individuals survive. 3. Individuals with one version of a trait are more likely to survive after the environmental change. The trait is advantageous in the new environment. Offspring4. The individuals that survive more reproduce more. Their offspring vary but are similar to them. So more offspring have the advantageous version of the trait. Population after many generations 5. After many generations, the population still varies, but most individuals have the advantageous version of the trait.

Let’s apply the general model to particular cases. Let’s start with the mountain sheep example, and start with Step 1. 3 Initial population1. The initial population varies in many traits. Most individuals have one version of some traits.

We can say what the general words refer to in the case of the mountain sheep. 4 Initial population1. The initial population varies in many traits. Most individuals have one version of some traits. such as what? of what? What version of the trait did they have?

We can say what the general words refer to in the case of the mountain sheep. 5 Initial population1. The initial population varies in many traits. Most individuals have one version of some traits. such as size of horn of mountain sheep bigger horns

We could put these same ideas in the sentences. 6 Initial population1. The initial population of mountain sheep varies in many traits, including size of horn. Most individuals have one version of some traits: bigger horns. including size of horn of mountain sheep bigger horns

And we can leave blanks so that we could easily just fill in the blanks next time. 7 Initial population1. The initial population of _____________ varies in many traits, including ____________. Most individuals have one version of some traits: ___________________. Then we can do the same thing with each of the other steps.

Step 2 8 Environmental change2. An environmental change occurs. What is the change?

Step 2 9 Environmental change2. An environmental change occurs. Hunters start hunting sheep for trophies.

Step 2 10 Environmental change2. An environmental change occurs: Hunters start hunting sheep for trophies. Hunters start hunting sheep for trophies.

Step 2 11 Environmental change2. An environmental change occurs: _______________________________________.

Step 3 12 Some traits help individuals survive. 3. Individuals with one version of a trait are more likely to survive after the environmental change. The trait is advantageous in the new environment. What trait? What trait helps the individual in the particular environment?

Step 3 13 Some traits help individuals survive. 3. Individuals with one version of a trait small horns are more likely to survive after the environmental change. The trait is advantageous because hunters kill sheep with big horns for trophies. What trait? What trait helps the individual in the particular environment?

Step 3 14 Some traits help individuals survive. 3. Individuals with one version of a trait __________ are more likely to survive after the environmental change. The trait is advantageous because __________________________________.

Step 4 15 Offspring4. The individuals that survive more reproduce more. Their offspring vary but are similar to them. So more offspring have the advantageous version of the trait. What trait is advantageous?

Step 4 16 Offspring4. The individuals that survive more reproduce more. Their offspring vary but are similar to them. So more offspring have the advantageous version of the trait small horns. What trait is advantageous?

Step 4 17 Offspring4. The individuals that survive more reproduce more. Their offspring vary but are similar to them. So more offspring have the advantageous version of the trait _____________.

Step 5 18 Population after many generations 5. After many generations, the population still varies, but most individuals have the advantageous version of the trait. What trait is advantageous?

Step 5 19 Population after many generations 5. After many generations, the population still varies, but most individuals have the advantageous version of the trait small horns. What trait is advantageous?

Step 5 20 Population after many generations 5. After many generations, the population still varies, but most individuals have the advantageous version of the trait _______________.

Red-Bellied Black Snakes

22 Red-Bellied Black Snakes live in Australia, usually in forests or woodland areas. Cane toads are also found in Australia. These toads are poisonous and large in size. They were first introduced to Australia by humans in Red-Bellied Black Snakes feed on frogs and toads and eat them whole. The Red Bellied-Black Snakes’ head sizes vary but recently scientists have found a surprising change! In certain areas where cain toads are found, the Red-Bellied Black Snakes’ head sizes are smaller today, on average, than they were in Why are the snake’s heads smaller?

Fill in in the table on Page 2 for the red- bellied black snakes example. 3-5 min 23

Answers Initial Population: The initial population of Red-Bellied Black Snakes varies in many traits, including head size. Most individuals have this version of the trait: large head size. Environmental Change: An environmental change occurs: Poisonous cane toads are introduced to Australia. Some traits help individuals survive: Individuals with version of trait small head size are more likely to survive after the environmental change. The trait is advantageous because ­ snakes with a small head size cannot eat the cane toads. Offspring: The individuals that survive more reproduce more. Their offspring vary but are similar to them. So more offspring have the advantageous version of trait small head size. Population after many generations: After many generations, the population sill varies, but most individuals have the advantageous version of trait small head size.

Bed Bugs

26 In 2009, New York City had a serious problem with bed bugs. They infested many homes and hotels throughout the city so a common pesticide called deltamethrin was used to kill them. But the pesticides are no longer working! A researcher who studies bedbugs did a study showing the percent of bed bugs that were killed in 2009 and 2012 by deltamethrin. His results are below: Percentage of Bed Bugs killed effectively by deltamethrin 99%32% Percent of bed bugs immune to detamethrin 1%68% Why are bedbugs more resistant to pesticide now than they were in 2009?

Fill in in the table on Page 3 for the bed bugs example. 3-5 min 27

Answers Initial Population: The initial population of Bed Bugs varies in many traits, including production of a protein that breaks up the pesticide chemicals. Most individuals have this version of the trait: they do not produce the protein that breaks up the pesticides. Environmental Change: An environmental change occurs: Pesticides are made to kill bed bugs. Some traits help individuals survive: Individuals with version of trait of producing protein that breaks up the pesticides are more likely to survive after the environmental change. The trait is advantageous because the pesticide cannot kill the bed bug because the pesticide gets broken up by the protein that the bed bug produces. Offspring: The individuals that survive more reproduce more. Their offspring vary but are similar to them. So more offspring have the advantageous version of trait of producing the protein that breaks up the pesticide. Population after many generations: After many generations, the population sill varies, but most individuals have the advantageous version of trait of producing the protein that breaks up the pesticide. ***Immunity/resistant = produce the protein that breaks up the pesticides

Guppies

30 Trinidad is a tropical island in South America with many streams through the forests with many different kinds of fish in them. One fish in these streams is the guppy. Trinidad’s male guppies have a highly variable pattern of colorful spots. What this means is that some guppies are bright and have many colorful spots on their tails. Other guppies are dull in color and have very few spots on their tails. Guppies Recently, a new predator, the killifish, has moved into the streams where the guppies live. Scientists have been studying several generations of guppies since the killifish were introduced to the stream. They have noticed that on average, guppies are now much less colorful than they were before the killifish arrived. Why are the guppies less colorful now than they used to be?

Fill in in the table on Page 3 for the guppies example. 3-5 min 31

Answers Initial Population: The initial population of Guppies varies in many traits, including color. Most individuals have this version of the trait: bright and colorful spots on tails. Environmental Change: An environmental change occurs: Killfish moved into the streams where the guppies live. Some traits help individuals survive: Individuals with version of trait dull in color with few spots on tails are more likely to survive after the environmental change. The trait is advantageous because the killfish eats guppies that are more colorful. Offspring: The individuals that survive more reproduce more. Their offspring vary but are similar to them. So more offspring have the advantageous version of trait dull in color with few spots on tails. Population after many generations: After many generations, the population sill varies, but most individuals have the advantageous version of trait dull in color with few spots on tails.

Peacocks

At the Gir Forest National Park in India, there used to be a population of many female peacocks and only a few male peacocks. Then, many new males were introduced to the park because they were relocated to the park from another area. Now, there are many males and fewer female peacocks. There was a lot more pressure on males to reproduce. 34 Park rangers have recently noticed a change in the new generations of peacocks. Male peacocks are more colorful now than they used to be before. Why are male peacocks today more colorful than they used to be?

Revising the General Model Some traits help individuals survive. Individuals with version of trait _______________________ are more likely to survive after the environmental change. The trait is advantageous because ______________________________. OffspringThe individuals that survive more reproduce more. Their offspring vary but are similar to them. So more offspring have the advantageous version of trait ___________________________________________. 35

Revising the General Model Some traits help individuals survive / mate more. (Circle one.) Individuals with version of trait _______________________ are more likely to survive / mate more after the environmental change. The trait is advantageous because ______________________________. Offspring The individuals that survive / mate more reproduce more. Their offspring vary but are similar to them. So more offspring have the advantageous version of trait ___________________________________________. 36

Fill in in the table on Page 7 for the peacocks example. 3-5 min 37

Answers Initial Population: The initial population of male peacocks varies in many traits, including colorfulness. Most individuals have this version of the trait: not as colorful. Environmental Change: An environmental change occurs: More male peacocks than female peacocks in the national park cause more competition for males to get mates; not every peacock gets a mate. Some traits help individuals survive/ mate more: Individuals with version of trait more colorfulare more likely to survive mate more after the environmental change. The trait is advantageous because female peacocks like to mate with more colorful male peacocks. Offspring: The individuals that survive more that mate more reproduce more. Their offspring vary but are similar to them. So more offspring have the advantageous version of trait being more colorful. Population after many generations: After many generations, the population sill varies, but most individuals have the advantageous version of trait being more colorful.

Bacteria

40 Recently, doctors have found that many kinds of bacteria are becoming resistant to antibiotics. The same antibiotics that would kill the bacteria years ago no longer works as effectively. MRSA is a kind of bacteria that infects people. Years ago, MRSA could be killed by many kinds of antibiotics. Some common antibiotics that used to work on MRSA are penicillin and amoxicillin. Now MRSA is resistant to these and many other antibiotics. How did this resistance occur?

Fill in in the table on Page 8 for the bacteria example. 3-5 min 41

Answers Initial Population: The initial population of bacteria varies in many traits, including resistance to antibiotics. Most individuals have this version of the trait: not resistance to antibiotics. Environmental Change: An environmental change occurs: Antibiotics are introduced to kill bacteria. Some traits help individuals survive: Individuals with version of trait resistance to antibiotics are more likely to survive after the environmental change. The trait is advantageous because the antibiotics are not able to kill the bacteria. Offspring: The individuals that survive more reproduce more. Their offspring vary but are similar to them. So more offspring have the advantageous version of trait being resistant to antibiotics. Population after many generations: After many generations, the population sill varies, but most individuals have the advantageous version of trait being resistant to antibiotics.

Sage Grouse

44 Sage grouse is a type of bird found western North America. Their mating rituals take place in a lek, an area where birds gather during breeding season for courtship displays. Males “strut” to attract females over a 3 month period. This strut can be seen in the video on the next slide. Females visit the lek for 2-3 before mating to choose their mate. Scientists have found that females tend to choose males that attended more leks and had a higher display rate.

Fill in in the table on Page 9 for the sage grouse example. 45

Answers Initial Population: The initial population of Sage Grouse varies in many traits, including how long they dance. Most individuals have this version of the trait: dancing long. Environmental Change: An environmental change occurs: A disease has created fewer female sage grouses. Some traits help individuals survive/mate more: Individuals with version of trait dance VERY long are more likely to survive/mate more after the environmental change. The trait is advantageous because female sage grouses like to mate males that dance longer. Offspring: The individuals that survive more/mate more: reproduce more. Their offspring vary but are similar to them. So more offspring have the advantageous version of trait dancing VERY long. Population after many generations: After many generations, the population sill varies, but most individuals have the advantageous version of trait dancing VERY long.

47

tc.pbs.org/media/evolution/library/01/1/l_01 1_03_56.mov tc.pbs.org/media/evolution/library/01/1/l_01 1_03_56.mov Watch this short video to see how this Praying Mantis has adapted to hide in its natural environment