Acids and Bases Chapter 15 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Arrhenius acid is a substance that produces H + (H 3 O + ) in water Arrhenius base is a substance that produces OH - in water 4.3

If it can be both acid and base then… …it is amphiprotic. HCO 3  HSO 4  H 2 O © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

A Brønsted acid is a proton donor A Brønsted base is a proton acceptor acidbaseacidbase 15.1 acid conjugate base base conjugate acid

Conjugate Acids and Bases The term conjugate comes from the Latin word “conjugare,” meaning “to join together.” Reactions between acids and bases always yield their conjugate bases and acids. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Acid and Base Strength Strong acids are completely dissociated in water. –Their conjugate bases are quite weak. Weak acids only dissociate partially in water. –Their conjugate bases are weak bases. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

O H H+ O H H O H HH O H - + [] + Acid-Base Properties of Water H 2 O (l) H + (aq) + OH - (aq) H 2 O + H 2 O H 3 O + + OH - acid conjugate base base conjugate acid 15.2 autoionization of water

H 2 O (l) H + (aq) + OH - (aq) The Ion Product of Water K c = [H + ][OH - ] [H 2 O] [H 2 O] = constant K c [H 2 O] = K w = [H + ][OH - ] The ion-product constant (K w ) is the product of the molar concentrations of H + and OH - ions at a particular temperature. At 25 0 C K w = [H + ][OH - ] = 1.0 x [H + ] = [OH - ] [H + ] > [OH - ] [H + ] < [OH - ] Solution Is neutral acidic basic 15.2

What is the concentration of OH - ions in a HCl solution whose hydrogen ion concentration is 1.3 M? K w = [H + ][OH - ] = 1.0 x [H + ] = 1.3 M [OH - ] = KwKw [H + ] 1 x = = 7.7 x M 15.2

pH – A Measure of Acidity pH = - log [H + ] [H + ] = [OH - ] [H + ] > [OH - ] [H + ] < [OH - ] Solution Is neutral acidic basic [H + ] = 1 x [H + ] > 1 x [H + ] < 1 x pH = 7 pH < 7 pH > 7 At 25 0 C pH[H + ] 15.3

pOH = -log [OH - ] [H + ][OH - ] = K w = 1.0 x log [H + ] – log [OH - ] = pH + pOH = 14.00

The pH of rainwater collected in a certain region of the northeastern United States on a particular day was What is the H + ion concentration of the rainwater? pH = - log [H + ] [H + ] = 10 -pH = = 1.5 x M The OH - ion concentration of a blood sample is 2.5 x M. What is the pH of the blood? pH + pOH = pOH = -log [OH - ]= -log (2.5 x )= 6.60 pH = – pOH = – 6.60 =

Strong Electrolyte – 100% dissociation NaCl (s) Na + (aq) + Cl - (aq) H2OH2O Weak Electrolyte – not completely dissociated CH 3 COOH CH 3 COO - (aq) + H + (aq) Strong Acids are strong electrolytes HCl (aq) + H 2 O (l) H 3 O + (aq) + Cl - (aq) HNO 3 (aq) + H 2 O (l) H 3 O + (aq) + NO 3 - (aq) HClO 4 (aq) + H 2 O (l) H 3 O + (aq) + ClO 4 - (aq) H 2 SO 4 (aq) + H 2 O (l) H 3 O + (aq) + HSO 4 - (aq) 15.4

HF (aq) + H 2 O (l) H 3 O + (aq) + F - (aq) Weak Acids are weak electrolytes HNO 2 (aq) + H 2 O (l) H 3 O + (aq) + NO 2 - (aq) HSO 4 - (aq) + H 2 O (l) H 3 O + (aq) + SO 4 2- (aq) H 2 O (l) + H 2 O (l) H 3 O + (aq) + OH - (aq) Strong Bases are strong electrolytes NaOH (s) Na + (aq) + OH - (aq) H2OH2O KOH (s) K + (aq) + OH - (aq) H2OH2O Ba(OH) 2 (s) Ba 2+ (aq) + 2OH - (aq) H2OH2O 15.4

F - (aq) + H 2 O (l) OH - (aq) + HF (aq) Weak Bases are weak electrolytes NO 2 - (aq) + H 2 O (l) OH - (aq) + HNO 2 (aq) 15.4

Strong AcidWeak Acid 15.4

What is the pH of a 2 x M HNO 3 solution? HNO 3 is a strong acid – 100% dissociation. HNO 3 (aq) + H 2 O (l) H 3 O + (aq) + NO 3 - (aq) pH = -log [H + ] = -log [H 3 O + ] = -log(0.002) = 2.7 Start End M 0.0 M What is the pH of a 1.8 x M Ba(OH) 2 solution? Ba(OH) 2 is a strong base – 100% dissociation. Ba(OH) 2 (s) Ba 2+ (aq) + 2OH - (aq) Start End M M0.0 M pH = – pOH = log(0.036) =

HA (aq) + H 2 O (l) H 3 O + (aq) + A - (aq) Weak Acids (HA) and Acid Ionization Constants HA (aq) H + (aq) + A - (aq) K a = [H + ][A - ] [HA] K a is the acid ionization constant KaKa weak acid strength 15.5

What is the pH of a 0.5 M HF solution (at 25 0 C)? HF (aq) H + (aq) + F - (aq) K a = [H + ][F - ] [HF] = 7.1 x HF (aq) H + (aq) + F - (aq) Initial (M) Change (M) Equilibrium (M) x-x+x+x x x+x xx K a = x2x x = 7.1 x Ka  Ka  x2x = 7.1 x – x  0.50 K a << 1 x 2 = 3.55 x x = M [H + ] = [F - ] = M pH = -log [H + ] = 1.72 [HF] = 0.50 – x = 0.48 M 15.5

When can I use the approximation? 0.50 – x  0.50 K a << 1 When x is less than 5% of the value from which it is subtracted. x = M 0.50 M x 100% = 3.8% Less than 5% Approximation ok. What is the pH of a 0.05 M HF solution (at 25 0 C)? Ka  Ka  x2x = 7.1 x x = M M 0.05 M x 100% = 12% More than 5% Approximation not ok. Must solve for x exactly using quadratic equation or method of successive approximation. 15.5

Solving weak acid ionization problems: 1.Identify the major species that can affect the pH. In most cases, you can ignore the autoionization of water. Ignore [OH - ] because it is determined by [H + ]. 2.Use ICE to express the equilibrium concentrations in terms of single unknown x. 3.Write K a in terms of equilibrium concentrations. Solve for x by the approximation method. If approximation is not valid, solve for x exactly. 4.Calculate concentrations of all species and/or pH of the solution. 15.5

What is the pH of a M monoprotic acid whose K a is 5.7 x ? HA (aq) H + (aq) + A - (aq) Initial (M) Change (M) Equilibrium (M) x-x+x+x x x+x xx K a = x2x x = 5.7 x Ka  Ka  x2x = 5.7 x – x  K a << 1 x 2 = 6.95 x x = M M M x 100% = 6.8% More than 5% Approximation not ok. 15.5

K a = x2x x = 5.7 x x x – 6.95 x = 0 ax 2 + bx + c =0 -b ± b 2 – 4ac  2a2a x = x = x = HA (aq) H + (aq) + A - (aq) Initial (M) Change (M) Equilibrium (M) x-x+x+x x x+x xx [H + ] = x = M pH = -log[H + ] =

percent ionization = Ionized acid concentration at equilibrium Initial concentration of acid x 100% For a monoprotic acid HA Percent ionization = [H + ] [HA] 0 x 100% [HA] 0 = initial concentration 15.5

NH 3 (aq) + H 2 O (l) NH 4 + (aq) + OH - (aq) Weak Bases and Base Ionization Constants K b = [NH 4 + ][OH - ] [NH 3 ] K b is the base ionization constant KbKb weak base strength 15.6 Solve weak base problems like weak acids except solve for [OH-] instead of [H + ].

15.6

15.7 Ionization Constants of Conjugate Acid-Base Pairs HA (aq) H + (aq) + A - (aq) A - (aq) + H 2 O (l) OH - (aq) + HA (aq) KaKa KbKb H 2 O (l) H + (aq) + OH - (aq) KwKw K a K b = K w Weak Acid and Its Conjugate Base Ka =Ka = KwKw KbKb Kb =Kb = KwKw KaKa

Factors Affecting Acid Strength The more polar the H– X bond and/or the weaker the H–X bond, the more acidic the compound. So acidity increases from left to right across a row and from top to bottom down a group. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Factors Affecting Acid Strength In oxyacids, in which an –OH is bonded to another atom, Y, the more electronegative Y is, the more acidic the acid. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Factors Affecting Acid Strength For a series of oxyacids, acidity increases with the number of oxygens. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Factors Affecting Acid Strength Resonance in the conjugate bases of carboxylic acids stabilizes the base and makes the conjugate acid more acidic. © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc.

Acid-Base Properties of Salts Neutral Solutions: Salts containing an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal ion (except Be 2+ ) and the conjugate base of a strong acid (e.g. Cl -, Br -, and NO 3 - ). NaCl (s) Na + (aq) + Cl - (aq) H2OH2O Basic Solutions: Salts derived from a strong base and a weak acid. NaCH 3 COOH (s) Na + (aq) + CH 3 COO - (aq) H2OH2O CH 3 COO - (aq) + H 2 O (l) CH 3 COOH (aq) + OH - (aq) 15.10

Acid-Base Properties of Salts Acid Solutions: Salts derived from a strong acid and a weak base. NH 4 Cl (s) NH 4 + (aq) + Cl - (aq) H2OH2O NH 4 + (aq) NH 3 (aq) + H + (aq) Salts with small, highly charged metal cations (e.g. Al 3+, Cr 3+, and Be 2+ ) and the conjugate base of a strong acid. Al(H 2 O) 6 (aq) Al(OH)(H 2 O) 5 (aq) + H + (aq)