83 years of excellence The Association of Electrical and Medical Imaging Equipment Manufacturers NEMA DRY BATTERY SECTION - USA - Presentation to the16th Trilateral Battery Working Group Meeting ** NEMA Life Cycle Analysis ** June 2011 NEMA TWG 2011 BUSINESS CONFIDENTIAL 1

83 years of excellence The Association of Electrical and Medical Imaging Equipment Manufacturers 2 NEMA TWG 2011 BUSINESS CONFIDENTIAL  Title: “Environmental Impacts of Alkaline Battery End-of-Life Strategies”  Focus: What are the net environmental impacts of different end-of- life strategies for alkaline batteries in the United States?  Contractor: MIT Dept of Materials Science & Engineering, Materials Systems Division  ISO compliant; NEMA members provided data  Status: Peer Review Complete, Final Report Issued  Involved 3 reviewers – 2 US and I EU  Led to several modifications Overview

83 years of excellence The Association of Electrical and Medical Imaging Equipment Manufacturers 3 NEMA TWG 2011 B USINESS CONFIDENTIAL

83 years of excellence The Association of Electrical and Medical Imaging Equipment Manufacturers 4 Impact Assessment  Cumulative Energy Demand  Proxy metric, measured in joules, MJs, etc.  Global Warming Potential  Based on IPCC values, expressed as kg CO 2 equivs  Human Health **  Expressed as Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALY)  Ecosystem Impacts **  Expressed as PDF*m 2 yr [Potentially Disappearing Fraction] ** Measured using Eco-Indicator 99, a damage-oriented method that calculates environmental impact in three categories: damage to human health, ecosystem quality and damage to resources Metrics

83 years of excellence The Association of Electrical and Medical Imaging Equipment Manufacturers NEMA TWG 2011 BUSINESS CONFIDENTIAL 5 Notable Findings Contd LIFE CYCLE IMPACT USING CED FOR 1 KG WAAB INCLUDING PACKAGING ( ~30 BATTERIES) LIFE CYCLE IMPACT USING GWP FOR 1 KG WAAB INCLUDING PACKAGING (~30 BATTERIES)

83 years of excellence The Association of Electrical and Medical Imaging Equipment Manufacturers NEMA TWG 2011 BUSINESS CONFIDENTIAL 6 Notable Findings Contd Life Cycle Phase CED (MJ/1 kg WAAB) GWP (kg CO 2 eq./1 kg WAAB) Human Health (DALY/1 kg WAAB) Ecosystem Quality (PDF*m 2 yr/1 kg WAAB) Resources (MJ surplus/1 kg WAAB) Production x End-of-Life x TOTAL x % EoL contribution 4%13%8%29%4%

83 years of excellence The Association of Electrical and Medical Imaging Equipment Manufacturers NEMA TWG 2011 BUSINESS CONFIDENTIAL 7 Comparative Impacts MATERIALS PRODUCTION IMPACTS FOR 1 KG WAAB USING CED (THESE VALUES INCLUDE THE TRANSPORT OF RAW MATERIALS TO THE MANUFACTURING FACILITY). Results Format

83 years of excellence The Association of Electrical and Medical Imaging Equipment Manufacturers NEMA TWG 2011 BUSINESS CONFIDENTIAL 8 Comparative Impacts Contd

83 years of excellence The Association of Electrical and Medical Imaging Equipment Manufacturers NEMA TWG 2011 BUSINESS CONFIDENTIAL 9 Comparative Impacts Contd

83 years of excellence The Association of Electrical and Medical Imaging Equipment Manufacturers NEMA TWG 2011 BUSINESS CONFIDENTIAL 10 Comparative Impacts Contd

83 years of excellence The Association of Electrical and Medical Imaging Equipment Manufacturers NEMA TWG 2011 BUSINESS CONFIDENTIAL 11 Comparative Impacts Contd

83 years of excellence The Association of Electrical and Medical Imaging Equipment Manufacturers 12 NEMA TWG 2011 BUSINESS CONFIDENTIAL  “There are complex and uncertain potential impacts associated with placing primary alkaline batteries in landfills at end-of-life and recycling may reduce those impacts, but may cause additional burdens that outweigh benefits.  The primary factors that drive the environmental impact of alkaline battery recycling, compared to landfill disposal, are  The recycling technology used  The amount of materials recovered  The state of the recovered materials. Summary Statement