Fig. 11-0a

Fig. 11-0b

Fig. 11-0c

Fig. 11-1a

Fig. 11-1b DNA RNA polymerase cannot attach to promoter Lactose-utilization genes Promoter Operator Regulatory gene OPERON Protein mRNA Inactive repressor Lactose Enzymes for lactose utilization RNA polymerase bound to promoter Operon turned on (lactose inactivates repressor) mRNA Active repressor Operon turned off (lactose absent) Protein

Fig. 11-1ba DNA RNA polymerase cannot attach to promoter Lactose-utilization genes Promoter Operator Regulatory gene OPERON mRNA Active repressor Operon turned off (lactose absent) Protein

Fig. 11-1bb DNA Protein Inactive repressor Lactose Enzymes for lactose utilization RNA polymerase bound to promoter Operon turned on (lactose inactivates repressor) mRNA

Fig. 11-1c DNA Inactive repressor Active repressor Inactive repressor Active repressor Lactose Promoter Tryptophan OperatorGene lac operon trp operon

Fig Muscle cell Pancreas cells Blood cells

Fig. 11-2a Muscle cell

Fig. 11-2b Pancreas cells

Fig. 11-2c Blood cells

Fig DNA double helix (2-nm diameter) “Beads on a string” Linker Histones Metaphase chromosome Tight helical fiber (30-nm diameter) Nucleosome (10-nm diameter) Supercoil (300-nm diameter) 700 nm

Fig Two cell populations in adult X chromosomes Early embryo Allele for black fur Inactive X Black fur Allele for orange fur Orange fur Cell division and random X chromosome inactivation Active X Inactive X Active X

Fig Enhancers Other proteins DNA Transcription factors Activator proteins RNA polymerase Promoter Gene Bending of DNA Transcription

Fig or Exons DNA RNA splicing RNA transcript mRNA

Fig miRNA 1 Translation blocked OR mRNA degraded Target mRNA Protein miRNA- protein complex 2 3 4

Fig Folding of polypeptide and formation of S—S linkages Initial polypeptide (inactive) Folded polypeptide (inactive) Active form of insulin Cleavage

Fig NUCLEUS DNA unpacking Other changes to DNA Addition of cap and tail Chromosome Gene RNA transcript Gene Transcription Intron Exon Splicing Cap mRNA in nucleus Tail Flow through nuclear envelope Broken- down mRNA CYTOPLASM Breakdown of mRNA Translation mRNA in cytoplasm Broken- down protein Cleavage / modification / activation Breakdown of protein Polypeptide Active protein

Fig. 11-9a NUCLEUS DNA unpacking Other changes to DNA Addition of cap and tail Chromosome Gene RNA transcript Gene Transcription Intron Exon Splicing Cap mRNA in nucleus Tail Flow through nuclear envelope

Fig. 11-9b Broken- down mRNA CYTOPLASM Breakdown of mRNA Translation mRNA in cytoplasm Broken- down protein Cleavage / modification / activation Breakdown of protein Polypeptide Active protein

Fig a Head of a normal fruit fly Antenna Eye Head of a developmental mutant Leg

Fig aa Head of a normal fruit fly Antenna Eye

Fig ab Head of a developmental mutant Leg

Fig b Egg cell within ovarian follicle Follicle cells “Head” mRNA Protein signal Egg cell Gene expression 1 Cascades of gene expression 2 Embryo Body segments Adult fly Gene expression 3 4

Fig cDNA Nonfluorescent spot Fluorescent spot Actual size (6,400 genes) Each well contains DNA from a particular gene DNA microarray mRNA isolated DNA of an expressed gene DNA of an unexpressed gene Reverse transcriptase and fluorescent DNA nucleotides 1 cDNA made from mRNA 2 cDNA applied to wells 3 Unbound cDNA rinsed away 4

Fig Signaling cell DNA Nucleus Transcription factor (activated) Signaling molecule Plasma membrane Receptor protein Relay proteins Transcription mRNA New protein Translation Target cell

Fig Yeast cell, mating type  a factor  factor Receptor a   Yeast cell, mating type a a a/ 

Fig Root of carrot plant Root cells cultured in nutrient medium Cell division in culture Single cell Plantlet Adult plant

Fig Remove nucleus from egg cell Implant blastocyst in surrogate mother Add somatic cell from adult donor Donor cell Remove embryonic stem cells from blastocyst and grow in culture Reproductive cloning Nucleus from donor cell Grow in culture to produce an early embryo (blastocyst) Therapeutic cloning Clone of donor is born Induce stem cells to form specialized cells

Fig a Remove nucleus from egg cell Add somatic cell from adult donor Donor cell Nucleus from donor cell Grow in culture to produce an early embryo (blastocyst)

Fig b Implant blastocyst in surrogate mother Remove embryonic stem cells from blastocyst and grow in culture Reproductive cloning Therapeutic cloning Clone of donor is born Induce stem cells to form specialized cells

Fig

Fig Blood cells Different types of differentiated cells Nerve cells Adult stem cells in bone marrow Different culture conditions Cultured embryonic stem cells Heart muscle cells

Fig a Mutation within the gene Hyperactive growth- stimulating protein in normal amount Proto-oncogene DNA Multiple copies of the gene Gene moved to new DNA locus, under new controls Oncogene New promoter Normal growth- stimulating protein in excess Normal growth- stimulating protein in excess

Fig b Mutated tumor-suppressor gene Tumor-suppressor gene Defective, nonfunctioning protein Normal growth- inhibiting protein Cell division under control Cell division not under control

Fig a 1 Colon wall Cellular changes: DNA changes: Oncogene activated Increased cell division Tumor-suppressor gene inactivated Growth of polyp Second tumor- suppressor gene inactivated Growth of malignant tumor (carcinoma) 2 3

Fig b Chromosomes 1 mutation Normal cell 4 mutations 3 mutations 2 mutations Malignant cell

Fig a Growth factor Protein that Stimulates cell division Translation Nucleus DNA Target cell Normal product of ras gene Receptor Relay proteins Transcription factor (activated) Hyperactive relay protein (product of ras oncogene) issues signals on its own Transcription

Fig b Growth-inhibiting factor Protein that inhibits cell division Translation Normal product of p53 gene Receptor Relay proteins Transcription factor (activated) Nonfunctional transcription factor (product of faulty p53 tumor-suppressor gene) cannot trigger transcription Transcription Protein absent (cell division not inhibited)

Fig

Fig. 11-UN1 Regulatory gene Promoter DNA Gene 1 Operator A typical operon Gene 2 Gene 3 Encodes repressor that in active form attaches to operator RNA polymerase binding site Switches operon on or off

Fig. 11-UN2 Nucleus from donor cell Early embryo resulting from nuclear trans- plantation Surrogate mother Clone of donor

Fig. 11-UN3 Nucleus from donor cell Early embryo resulting from nuclear trans- plantation Embryonic stem cells in culture Specialized cells

Fig. 11-UN4 Gene regulation (a) prokaryotic genes often grouped into in eukaryotes may involve when abnormal may lead to can produce is a normal gene that can be mutated to an oncogene can cause (c) (g)(f) multiple mRNAs per gene transcription female mammals (e) (d) (b) operons are switched on/off by in active form binds to controlled by protein called occurs in are proteins that promote