Plastics and Synthetic Fibres Intermediate 2 Chemistry Unit 2(d)

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Presentation transcript:

Plastics and Synthetic Fibres Intermediate 2 Chemistry Unit 2(d)

Examples of plastics

Polythene [poly(ethene)] Polystyrene Perspex PVC Nylon Bakelite Formica Silicones

PVC [poly(vinyl chloride)]

Nylon

Bakelite

Formica

Silicones

Where do plastics come from? Crude oil –Fractional distillation –Cracking Alkenes

Uses related to properties Flexible Watertight Shatter-proof Light

Non-biodegradable Can’t be broken down by living things. “ Biopol ” is a recently developed biodegradable plastic.

Other problems with plastics Low density Durable Burn or smoulder to give off toxic fumes –Carbon monoxide –Hydrogen chloride –Hydrogen cyanide

Types of plastic Thermoplastic – Can be reshaped on heating Thermosetting plastic – Cannot be reshaped on heating

Chemistry of plastics Plastics are examples of polymers –These are long chain molecules made from smaller molecules joining together These smaller molecules are called monomers There are two types of polymer: –Addition polymer –Condensation polymer

Addition polymers

Like all polymers, these are made from monomers. For an addition polymer, these monomers always have a C=C These join together in a reaction called addition polymerisation. –view animationanimation

…… MONOMERSPOLYMERS ++ … …

MONOMERS POLYMERS … …

Naming polymers The name of the polymer is made by taking the name of the monomer, putting brackets around it, and adding “poly” in front –Poly(ethene) is made from ethene; –Poly(vinyl chloride) is made from vinyl chloride.

Naming practice Name the polymer made from: –Propene –Chloroethene Name the monomer used to make: –Poly(heptene) –Poly(phenylethene)

Drawing polymers, monomers and the repeating unit

C=C H C6H5C6H5 H H H C6H5C6H5 H H H C6H5C6H5 H H Poly(phenylethene)

Condensation polymers

What type of molecule is produced from an alkanol and alkanoic acid? –Esters Polyesters are made from similar molecules.

Polyesters

Monomers Must have two functional groups per molecule –For polyesters, they are a diol and a diacid

Condensation polymerisation The joining up of two molecules, producing water, is condensation. Because giant molecules are made, this is condensation polymerisation. Specifically with a diol and a diacid, a polyester is produced.

Polyamides Are produced when an amine group reacts with a carboxyl group.

Amides Formed when an amine reacts with an alkanoic acid. aminecarboxylic acid amide An AMIDE group

Polyamides Are condensation polymers. Formed when a diamine reacts with a diacid.

Recently developed plastics Kevlar –Very strong Poly(ethenol) –Water soluble Biopol –Biodegradable

Kevlar

Poly(ethenol)