Warm up Two heavy balls have the same diameter but one weights twice as much s the other. The balls are dropped from a second story balcony at the exact same time. The time to reach the ground below will be: A- twice as long for the lighter ball B- longer for the lighter ball, but not twice as long C- twice as long for the heavier ball as for the other D- Longer for the heavier ball, not twice as long E- nearly the same for both balls

Quiz Return

Describing Motion: Kinematics in One Dimension Chapter 2 Describing Motion: Kinematics in One Dimension

Units of Chapter 2 Reference Frames and Displacement Average Velocity Instantaneous Velocity Acceleration Motion at Constant Acceleration Solving Problems Falling Objects Graphical Analysis of Linear Motion

Quick definitions Mechanics(not people who fix cars!) Study of the motion of objects and the related concepts of forces and energy Mechanics is broken down into 2 categories 1- Kinematics: description of how objects move 2- Dynamics: deals with forces and why objects move as they do Ch 2 and 3 deal with kinematics

2-1 Reference Frames and Displacement Any measurement of position, distance, or speed must be made with respect to a reference frame. For example, if you are sitting on a train and someone walks down the aisle, their speed with respect to the train is a few miles per hour, at most. Their speed with respect to the ground is much higher.

2-1 Reference Frames and Displacement We make a distinction between distance and displacement. Displacement (blue line) is how far the object is from its starting point, regardless of how it got there. Distance traveled (dashed line) is measured along the actual path.

2-1 Reference Frames and Displacement The displacement is written: Left: Displacement is positive. Right: Displacement is negative.

Distance vs. displacement My Walking example! Distance: total amount traveled Displacement: total amount traveled from the initial starting spot.

Questions on 2-1? Moving onto section 2-2!!!!

Warm Up Convert 65 miles per hour into m/s and km/hr What is the difference between displacement and distance ?! Nick Foles said he can throw the ball to a reciever 60 yards downfield, is this the displacement or distance of the throw?

2-2 Average Velocity Speed: how far an object travels in a given time interval (2-1) Velocity includes directional information:

Example 2-1 The position of a runner as a function of time is plotted as moving along the x axis of a coordinate system. During a 3.00s time interval, the runners position changes from x1= 50.0 m to x2=30.5. What was the runner’s average velocity? Is average speed and displacement the same here or different?

Distance a cyclist travels How far can a cyclist travel in a 2.5 hr along a straight road if her average velocity is 18 km/hr?

Try on your own

2-3 Instantaneous Velocity The instantaneous velocity is the average velocity, in the limit as the time interval becomes infinitesimally short. (2-3) These graphs show (a) constant velocity and (b) varying velocity.

Warm up See hand out

Notice the difference in notation for average velocity vs instantaneous velocity NOTE: if an object moves at a uniform velocity during a particular time interval, then its instantaneous velocity is the same as its average velocity

Car example A car may start from rest, speed up to 50 km/h, remain at that velocity for a time, then slow down to 20 km/h in a traffic ja, and finally stop at its destination after traveling a total of 15 km in 30 minutes. Can we calculate the average velocity?

Side Note!!! Instantaneous speed ALWAYS EQUALS the magnitude of the instantaneous velocity!!!! Can anyone explain why?

2-4 Acceleration Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity.

2-4 Acceleration Acceleration is a vector, although in one-dimensional motion we only need the sign. The previous image shows positive acceleration; here is negative acceleration:

2-4 Acceleration There is a difference between negative acceleration and deceleration: Negative acceleration is acceleration in the negative direction as defined by the coordinate system. Deceleration occurs when the acceleration is opposite in direction to the velocity.

2-4 Acceleration The instantaneous acceleration is the average acceleration, in the limit as the time interval becomes infinitesimally short. (2-5)

Lets talk about Example 2-4 A- If the velocity of an object is zero, does it mean that the acceleration is zero?? B- If the acceleration is zero, does that mean the velocity is zero too?

EXAMPLE 2-3 A car accelerates along a straight road from rest to 75 km/hr in 5.0 s. What is the magnitude of its average acceleration?

Do Now In drag racing, is it possible for the car with the greatest speed crossing the finish line to lose the race? Explain. If one object has a greater speed than a second object, does the first necessarily have a greater acceleration? Explain, using examples.

2-5 Motion at Constant Acceleration The average velocity of an object during a time interval t is The acceleration, assumed constant, is

2-5 Motion at Constant Acceleration In addition, as the velocity is increasing at a constant rate, we know that Combining these last three equations, we find: (2-8) (2-9)

2-5 Motion at Constant Acceleration We can also combine these equations so as to eliminate t: We now have all the equations we need to solve constant-acceleration problems. (2-10) (2-11a) (2-11b) (2-11c) (2-11d)

Good Morning Can an object have a northward velocity and a southward acceleration? Explain. 1. A truck moves from rest with a constant acceleration of 5 m/s2. Find (a) the speed of the truck and (b) the distance traveled after 4 seconds has elapsed.

Quiz Update

Example 2-6 Runway Design: You are designing an airport for small planes. One kind of airplane that might use this airfield must reach a speed before takeoff to be at least 27.8m/s, and can accelerate at 2m/s2. If the runway is 150m long, can the airplane reach the required speed for take off? If not, what minimum length must the runway have?

2-6 Solving Problems Read the whole problem and make sure you understand it. Then read it again. Decide on the objects under study and what the time interval is. Draw a diagram and choose coordinate axes. Write down the known (given) quantities, and then the unknown ones that you need to find. What physics applies here? Plan an approach to a solution.

2-6 Solving Problems 6. Which equations relate the known and unknown quantities? Are they valid in this situation? Solve algebraically for the unknown quantities, and check that your result is sensible (correct dimensions). 7. Calculate the solution and round it to the appropriate number of significant figures. 8. Look at the result – is it reasonable? Does it agree with a rough estimate? 9. Check the units again.

Example 2-7 Using Problem Solving How long does it take a car to cross a 30.0 m wide intersection after the light turns green, if the car accelerates from rest at a constant rate of 2.00 m/s2?

2-7 Falling Objects Near the surface of the Earth, all objects experience approximately the same acceleration due to gravity. This is one of the most common examples of motion with constant acceleration.

2-7 Falling Objects In the absence of air resistance, all objects fall with the same acceleration, although this may be hard to tell by testing in an environment where there is air resistance. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4z8g8OSOMzY

2-7 Falling Objects The acceleration due to gravity at the Earth’s surface is approximately 9.80 m/s2.

Warm up Two heavy balls have the same diameter but one weights twice as much s the other. The balls are dropped from a second story balcony at the exact same time. The time to reach the ground below will be: A- twice as long for the lighter ball B- longer for the lighter ball, but not twice as long C- twice as long for the heavier ball as for the other D- Longer for the heavier ball, not twice as long E- nearly the same for both balls

Answering the question from the beginning of the chapter https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_mCC-68LyZM

Review What were the different variables we used for the kinematic equations?

Example 2-10 Falling from a tower: Suppose a ball is dropped from a tower70.0m high how far will the ball have fallen after t1= 1.00s, t2 = 2.00s, and t3 = 3.00s?

Example 2-11: Try on your own Thrown down from a tower: Suppose that a ball in the previous example is thrown downward with an initial velocity of 3.00m/s, instead of being dropped. What then would be its position after 1.00s and 2.00s? What would its speed be after 1.00s and 2.00s? Compare the speeds of a dropped ball.

Do Now… Get Some Knowledge! An object is dropped from rest from the top of a 100 [m] building. How long will it take for the object to hit the ground?

Examples 2-12 Ball thrown upward: A person throws a ball upward into the air with an initial velocity of 15m/s. Calculate how high it goes, and how long the ball is in the air before it comes back to his hand.

You Try. Alan Iverson slam dunks a basketball and a physics student observes that Iverson’s feet are 1 [m] above the floor at his peak height. At what upward velocity must Iverson leave the floor to achieve this?

SCIENCE! Do Now! A penny is dropped from rest from the top of the Sears Tower in Chicago. Considering the height of the tower is 427m and ignoring air resistance, find the speed with which the penny hits the ground, and how long it will take to reach the ground. Do this problem again but this time assume that the penny is first thrown upward with an initial velocity of 15m/s.

Do NOW! A pop-fly (straight up) ball is hit by Ryan Howard. The fans time the ball’s flight at 6.7 seconds. How high did the ball get? What was the velocity of the ball when it left the bat? What was the ball’s velocity when it hit the ground (ignore the difference in height between the bat and the ground) What is the ball’s velocity at 4.5 seconds after leaving the bat?

Do Now If you bungee jump from 100 ft, how fast (in mph) will you be going when you have fallen 75 ft? If you (unfortunately) hit the ground, at what speed will you splat?

2-8 Graphical Analysis of Linear Motion This is a graph of x vs. t for an object moving with constant velocity. The velocity is the slope of the x-t curve.

2-8 Graphical Analysis of Linear Motion On the left we have a graph of velocity vs. time for an object with varying velocity; on the right we have the resulting x vs. t curve. The instantaneous velocity is tangent to the curve at each point.

2-8 Graphical Analysis of Linear Motion The displacement, x, is the area beneath the v vs. t curve.

Summary of Chapter 2 Kinematics is the description of how objects move with respect to a defined reference frame. Displacement is the change in position of an object. Average speed is the distance traveled divided by the time it took; average velocity is the displacement divided by the time. Instantaneous velocity is the limit as the time becomes infinitesimally short.

Summary of Chapter 2 Average acceleration is the change in velocity divided by the time. Instantaneous acceleration is the limit as the time interval becomes infinitesimally small. The equations of motion for constant acceleration are given in the text; there are four, each one of which requires a different set of quantities. Objects falling (or having been projected) near the surface of the Earth experience a gravitational acceleration of 9.80 m/s2.