Maps - Resource A Map Projections

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Presentation transcript:

Maps - Resource A Map Projections Problem: Project a sphere onto a flat surface. Scale Alternative projection methods Distortions Terminology of map projections

Map Projections - Resource A Properties of the Globe Grid All meridians are of equal length; each is one-half the length of the equator. All meridians converge at the poles and are true north-south lines. All lines of latitude (parallels) are parallel to the equator and to each other. Parallels decrease in length as one nears the poles. Meridians and parallels intersect at right angles. The scale on the surface of the globe is the same in every direction.

Map Projections - Resource A Geometrical (Perspective) Projections Graticule transferred to geometric shape and then the shape is cut and flattened. Developable surfaces

Map Projections - Resource A Projection Classes Cylindrical Conic Planar (Azimuthal) Oval or Elliptical

Map Projections - Resource A Orthographic light source at infinity Gnomonic light source at center Stereographic light source at antipode.

Map Projections - Resource A Mathematical Projections Emphasize and preserve elements of globe grid that perspective projections cannot. Map Distortions of the Globe Grid Properties Equal Area (equivalent) - Preserves proportionate size but distorts shape. Shape (conformal) - Preserves true shape and directionality for small areas. Only maps for small areas can preserve both conformality and equivalence.

Map Projections - Resource A Map Distortions of the Globe Grid Properties (cont.) Distance (equidistant) - Correctly represent true great arc distances for one or two points on map. Distances between other points are distorted. Direction (azimuthal) - Preserve directionality radiating from one central point. Gnomonic Gnomonic projection centered on Washington, DC. Great circle arcs are straight lines.

Map Projections - Resource A Examples Equal area sinusoidal Azimuthal equidistant Mercator (conformal)

Map Projections - Resource A Examples Azimuthal Equidistant (planar) Miller (cylindrical) Robinson Projection (oval) Albers equal area (conic)