Psychology 2606 Dr. David Brodbeck

History and Origins of the Study of Brain and Behaviour o The course is about the relationship between brain and behaviour o This is a question that has involved many people, philosophers, physicians, psychologists and neuroscientists o Once we define a couple of terms (notably ‘brain’ and ‘behaviour’) we can look at how these different groups of people have looked at the relationship

What is brain? Well you can kick it Well you can kick it Tissue Tissue Organ Organ Is it just that wrinkly thing in your head? Is it just that wrinkly thing in your head? Technically yes Technically yes However, you cannot do certain behaviours without say a spinal cord However, you cannot do certain behaviours without say a spinal cord

Brain brain brain So, while the definition of brain really means just the thing in the head, we will have to concentrate not only on the brain itself but on the cerebellum, spinal column and indeed other parts of the nervous system if we want to relate the brain to behaviour. So, while the definition of brain really means just the thing in the head, we will have to concentrate not only on the brain itself but on the cerebellum, spinal column and indeed other parts of the nervous system if we want to relate the brain to behaviour. The ‘Mind-body’ problem The ‘Mind-body’ problem

The Nervous system Central Nervous system (CNS) Central Nervous system (CNS) Brain, spinal column, cerebellum Brain, spinal column, cerebellum Communication is neural Communication is neural Peripheral Nervous system (PNS) Peripheral Nervous system (PNS) Nerves that make you move basically Nerves that make you move basically Communication is neural Communication is neural

How does it work? Bicep curl for example Bicep curl for example Muscle needs an agonist and an antagonist Muscle needs an agonist and an antagonist Motor neuron sends message to bicep to curl up Motor neuron sends message to bicep to curl up Sensory neuron tells you when to stop Sensory neuron tells you when to stop Simple behaviour LOTS of neurons Simple behaviour LOTS of neurons

In a Moth’s Ear…. Moth Ear basically has two neurons A1 and A2 Moth Ear basically has two neurons A1 and A2 They are not frequency sensitive, but do not respond to low frequencies They are not frequency sensitive, but do not respond to low frequencies

Those would be some tiny Q tips…..

Do Moths Have Ear Wax? A1 is responsive to intensity A1 is responsive to intensity More firing with closer bat More firing with closer bat A2 only fires with very loud sounds A2 only fires with very loud sounds A2 fires, bat must be very close A2 fires, bat must be very close

Moths and Bats, Charts and Graphs A1 on the left fires, that wing beats faster A1 on the left fires, that wing beats faster Moth’s course corrects to 180 degrees from bat Moth’s course corrects to 180 degrees from bat So very and totally cool So very and totally cool A2, go crazy A2, go crazy 2 neuron ear can encode where a predator in in 3 dimensional space!!! 2 neuron ear can encode where a predator in in 3 dimensional space!!!

Autonomic Nervous System Different communication than in the CNS and PNS Different communication than in the CNS and PNS Not neural, more chemical Not neural, more chemical Hormones secreted into bloodstream by ‘ductless glands’ Hormones secreted into bloodstream by ‘ductless glands’ Pituitary gland is the master gland Pituitary gland is the master gland Example, pituitary controls release of pitocin and oxytocin which start labour Example, pituitary controls release of pitocin and oxytocin which start labour Another example, effects of testosterone on spatial ability Another example, effects of testosterone on spatial ability psychoneuroendocrinology psychoneuroendocrinology

Behaviour And you thought our brain definition was amorphous… And you thought our brain definition was amorphous… What is behaviour? What is behaviour? 1 : the manner of conducting oneself 1 : the manner of conducting oneself 2 a : anything that an organism does involving action and response to stimulation b : the response of an individual, group, or species to its environment —be·hav·ior·al or chiefly British be·hav·iour·al /-vy&-r&l/ adjective — be·hav·ior·al·ly or chiefly British be·hav·iour·al·ly /-r&-lE/ adverb 2 a : anything that an organism does involving action and response to stimulation b : the response of an individual, group, or species to its environment —be·hav·ior·al or chiefly British be·hav·iour·al /-vy&-r&l/ adjective — be·hav·ior·al·ly or chiefly British be·hav·iour·al·ly /-r&-lE/ adverb

Hmmmmmmmmmm Action and response to stimuli eh Action and response to stimuli eh Stimuli, well, we tend to think of those as being external things Stimuli, well, we tend to think of those as being external things But we can oh imagine pizza, and then have a reaction…. But we can oh imagine pizza, and then have a reaction…. An organism, so a plant can behave? An organism, so a plant can behave? As a rule, dictionary definitions suck. As a rule, dictionary definitions suck. Behaviour is some observable reaction that has no obvious substance Behaviour is some observable reaction that has no obvious substance

OK Mr. smart guy what does behaviour mean? That’s Dr. Smart Guy to you…. That’s Dr. Smart Guy to you…. Action of an organism having cause and function Action of an organism having cause and function So, in the moth example, the cause is the sound, the function is evasion So, in the moth example, the cause is the sound, the function is evasion This will include both learned behaviour and inherited stuff This will include both learned behaviour and inherited stuff Not all behaviour has an obvious function Not all behaviour has an obvious function

Some history First the earth cooled, then the dinosaurs ruled the world, then they died cuz of some big meteor, then the people showed up… First the earth cooled, then the dinosaurs ruled the world, then they died cuz of some big meteor, then the people showed up… Even early humans probably wondered about why we do what we do Even early humans probably wondered about why we do what we do Then we started hanging around in towns Then we started hanging around in towns

Aristotle Believed that the heart was the seat of behaviour Believed that the heart was the seat of behaviour He noted the importance of the brain (but it was for cooling blood he figured) He noted the importance of the brain (but it was for cooling blood he figured)

British Empiricists Thomas Hobbes ( ) Thomas Hobbes ( ) Contents of mind rest on experience Contents of mind rest on experience John Locke ( ) John Locke ( ) ‘white paper’ or tabula rasa ‘white paper’ or tabula rasa

Rene Descartes Descartes said that we were machines with a soul Descartes said that we were machines with a soul The notion was that the mind and the body were separate The notion was that the mind and the body were separate Animals have no soul Animals have no soul

And yadda yadda yadda…. By the 19 th century people were talking about psychology By the 19 th century people were talking about psychology Still the philosophers held sway Still the philosophers held sway Last half of the 19 th century changed this Last half of the 19 th century changed this The zeitgeist of the time changed The zeitgeist of the time changed

What the hell does zeitgeist mean? I don’t speak freaky deaky Dutch Mr. Goldmember I don’t speak freaky deaky Dutch Mr. Goldmember The spirit of history The spirit of history The enlightenment of the 18 th century was affecting the common person The enlightenment of the 18 th century was affecting the common person Science and technology could explain everything Science and technology could explain everything

Gesundheit Even the origins of humanity could be explained without appealing to religion! Even the origins of humanity could be explained without appealing to religion! Charles Darwin and the Origin of Species Charles Darwin and the Origin of Species So like you could figure out anything with science!! So like you could figure out anything with science!!

Natural Selection The Theory of Natural Selection is so simple that anyone can misunderstand it…. (Anonymous) The Theory of Natural Selection is so simple that anyone can misunderstand it…. (Anonymous) Charles Darwin ( ) saw three problems in need of a solution. Charles Darwin ( ) saw three problems in need of a solution. Darwin was not the only one to see these problems BTW Darwin was not the only one to see these problems BTW Other ‘Naturalists’ were struggling with the same issues Other ‘Naturalists’ were struggling with the same issues

Problem the First There is change over time in the flora and fauna of the Earth There is change over time in the flora and fauna of the Earth What we would commonly call ‘evolution’ today What we would commonly call ‘evolution’ today The fossil record showed this to be pretty clear, even to people in the mid 1800s The fossil record showed this to be pretty clear, even to people in the mid 1800s This was not controversial in Darwin’s time, and is not now. This was not controversial in Darwin’s time, and is not now.

The Second Problem There is a taxonomic relationship among living things There is a taxonomic relationship among living things People were big into classifying stuff People were big into classifying stuff It was pretty obvious that there was a relationship between different species It was pretty obvious that there was a relationship between different species Different birds, different grasses, different cats etc Different birds, different grasses, different cats etc

The Third Problem Adaptation Adaptation Different kinds of teeth for different animals, say carnivore ripping teeth and herbivore grinding teeth Different kinds of teeth for different animals, say carnivore ripping teeth and herbivore grinding teeth Different tissues within species Different tissues within species Heart vs. eye etc. Heart vs. eye etc.

The Solution! Natural Selection provides a mechanistic account of how these things occurred and shows how they are intimately related. Natural Selection provides a mechanistic account of how these things occurred and shows how they are intimately related. It is one of those ‘oh man is that ever easy, why didn’t I think of that?’ type things. It is one of those ‘oh man is that ever easy, why didn’t I think of that?’ type things.

How’s it work? There is competition among living things There is competition among living things More are born or hatched or whatever, than survive and reproduce More are born or hatched or whatever, than survive and reproduce Reproduction occurs with variation Reproduction occurs with variation This variation is heritable This variation is heritable Remember, there was NO genetics back then, Chuck knew, he just knew…. Remember, there was NO genetics back then, Chuck knew, he just knew…. Realized that is wasn’t ‘blending’ Realized that is wasn’t ‘blending’

How’s it Work? Selection Determines which individuals enter the adult breeding population Selection Determines which individuals enter the adult breeding population This selection is done by the environment This selection is done by the environment Those which are best suited reproduce Those which are best suited reproduce They pass these well suited characteristics on to their young They pass these well suited characteristics on to their young

How’s it Work? REPRODUCTION is the key, not merely survival REPRODUCTION is the key, not merely survival If you survive to be 128 but have no kids, you are not doing as well as I am If you survive to be 128 but have no kids, you are not doing as well as I am I have reproduced… I have reproduced… Assuming the traits that made me successful will help them then I amore fit NOW than the 127 year old guy Assuming the traits that made me successful will help them then I amore fit NOW than the 127 year old guy

This lecture keeps evolving….. Survival of the Fittest (which Chucky D NEVER said) means those who have the most offspring that reproduce Survival of the Fittest (which Chucky D NEVER said) means those who have the most offspring that reproduce So, the answer to the trilogy of problems is: So, the answer to the trilogy of problems is: ‘Descent with modification from a common ancestor, NOT random modification, but, modification shaped by natural selection’ ‘Descent with modification from a common ancestor, NOT random modification, but, modification shaped by natural selection’

So cause and function The causal part of the behaviour definition refers to the immediate cause, stimuli, that sort of thing The causal part of the behaviour definition refers to the immediate cause, stimuli, that sort of thing Function is over evolutionary time usually Function is over evolutionary time usually What does the behaviour accomplish What does the behaviour accomplish How does it increase fitness How does it increase fitness

Human evolution We split from the chimps about 5 million years ago We split from the chimps about 5 million years ago For a long time we were basically not so hairy short apes For a long time we were basically not so hairy short apes What happened? What happened? Diet change, maybe Diet change, maybe Standing up was key Standing up was key You have to pump blood up You have to pump blood up

Our Brains make us us If you get a heart so powerful that it can pump blood up, well you have lots of extra Oxygen and sugar you can use If you get a heart so powerful that it can pump blood up, well you have lots of extra Oxygen and sugar you can use So get a bigger brain! So get a bigger brain! See we don’t have big teeth See we don’t have big teeth We can’t run that fast (without steroids…) We can’t run that fast (without steroids…) But, we can outsmart our prey But, we can outsmart our prey

Ok so…. So you are saying that big brain means big smarts right? So you are saying that big brain means big smarts right? Sorta, encephalization quotient idea Sorta, encephalization quotient idea Food storing vs non storing birds and Hp volume Food storing vs non storing birds and Hp volume Within species? Within species? Harder to tell Harder to tell