An Introduction to Geology: 5 A Bit More Time. A sedimentary recap Bedding.

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Presentation transcript:

An Introduction to Geology: 5 A Bit More Time

A sedimentary recap Bedding

Sedimentary structures Cross-bedding

Sedimentary structures Cross-bedding

Sedimentary structures Ripple marks

Sedimentary structures Shell beds

Sedimentary structures Trace fossils

Sedimentary Britain At the surface, most of the UK is sedimentary

Life layer writing Ediacaran PALAEOZOIC: Cambrian Ordovician Silurian Devonian Carboniferous Permian MESOZOIC: Triassic Jurassic Cretaceous CAINOZOIC Palaeogene Neogene Quaternary

Made Your Own Mnemonic? Fabulous* prizes for the best ones! *Fossils

The Dating Game Relative Chronology versus Absolute Chronology

Problems of relative dating

The absolute challenge Q. How can we determine how old rocks are?

Sedimentation rates? Phillips (1860) = million years old

By heat loss? Kelvin ( ) = million years old

By ocean saltiness? Joly ( ) = million years old

A. By using isotopes! Pierre & Marie Curie 84 natural elements 339 isotopes

Isotopes Atoms of a chemical element can have different numbers of neutrons Isotopes of hydrogen

A. By radioactivity! Pierre & Marie Curie 84 natural elements 339 isotopes – Stable – Radioactive 70 radioactive isotopes 18 with long half- lives

Half-lives Nuclei of radioactive atoms decay Parents and daughters: C-14 decays to N-14 K-40 decays to Ar-40 U-238 to Pb-206 (via a decay chain) Ernest Rutherford

Half-lives Nuclei of radioactive atoms decay Ernest Rutherford Constant decay rate: Half-life = time to get 50:50 parent:daughter

Igneous importance Decay begins once magma crystallizes

Holmes: radioactive rock detective Earth is billions of years old

Geological application U-Pb dating of zircons particularly powerful (ZrSiO4) 4.374bn (+/- 6 Ma) year-old zircon crystal, Western Australia

Combined chronology ABSOLUTE – Radiometric analysis only possible for igneous (and some metamorphic) minerals – Expensive, difficult, slow RELATIVE – Fossils widespread, common, cheap and fast to analyse

Common igneous rocks Granite Intrusive Coarse-grained Felsic

Common igneous rocks Basalt Extrusive Fine-grained Mafic

Common igneous rocks Dolerite Hypabyssal Medium- grained Mafic

Common igneous rocks Gabbro Intrusive Coarse- grained Mafic

Common igneous rocks Rhyolite Extrusive Fine-grained Felsic

Common igneous rocks Andesite Extrusive Fine-grained Intermediate

Completing the Rock Cycle Tectonics & Metamorphism

Completing to the Rock Cycle Tectonics & Metamorphism

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