4.1 CLUSTERS AND CLUSTER SAMPLES By Keaton Kemnitz & Esteban Luis Asencio Otero Garcia de Guantanemo Masson
CLUSTERS When a population is divided into smaller groups, or clusters, that mirror the characteristics of the population
CLUSTER SAMPLE To make a cluster sample, divide the population into clusters. Then choose an SRS, or stratified random sample, of the clusters. All individuals in the chosen clusters are included in the sample.
4.1: WHAT NOT TO DO IN A SURVEY
BIAS Failure to use random sampling often results in bias Bias are systematic errors in the way a sample represents the population The design of a statistical study shows bias if it systematically favors certain outcomes
VOLUNTARY RESPONSE SAMPLE A voluntary response sample consists of people who choose themselves by responding to a general appeal. Voluntary response samples show bias because people with strong opinions (often in the same direction) are most likely to respond
CONVENIENCE SAMPLE Choosing individuals who are easiest to reach results in a convenience sample Convenience samples are prone to large bias due to this fact