October 1 Magdalena Anguelova Ph.D. Candidate Advisor: Prof. Ferris Webster College of Marine Studies

Bubble Bath Glenn Miller

Bubbles in my beer Willie Nelson

Bubbles naturally formed in the ocean Marine life Breaking waves

Oceanic bubbles are associated with Oxygenic atmosphere Climate on the planet

Oxygenic atmosphere

Archaean Earth  Ancient atmosphere of:  methane;  ammonia;  other gases.  Bacterial life.

Earth’s biogeologic clock

Stromatolite fossils 760 million years old, Arizona

Living stromatolites Shark Bay, Australia

Stromatolites

Cyanobacteria  3 billion individuals per sq. meter;  Use sediment and organic material;  Build stromatolites up to 1.5 m high

The Miracle Planet PBS Series

The Miracle Planet PBS Series o This cycle continued for eons o Cyanobacteria photosynthesized o Releasing tiny bubbles of oxygen o The water gradually saturated with O 2 o Then O 2 escaped into the air and o Transformed the atmosphere o To air we now breath o Then ozone layer formed against UV.

Life conquered the land

Oceanic bubbles mediated oxygenic atmosphere

Oceanic bubbles are associated with Oxygenic atmosphere Climate on the planet

Oceanic whitecaps

 As waves break,  air mixes into the water,  and forms clouds of bubbles. Wave Breaking

 The small bubbles dissolve and disappear; The fate of the bubbles  The large bubbles rise to the surface,  Some bubbles join the ambient population of oceanic bubbles.

 While floating on the surface, bubbles burst. Bursting of bubbles

 Upon bursting, bubble caps shatter into thousands of small droplets. Film drops form. Film Drops

 As the bubble cavity collapses... Jet drops form. Jet Drops

 Under very high winds drops are torn from the wave crests and blown directly into the air. Spume drops form. Spume Drops

 In the air, this sea spray: sea- salt aerosols.  evaporates,  shrinks,  and forms  So, whitecaps fill the air with film, jet, and spume drops. Sea Spray

What are Aerosols?  Aerosols are minute stable particles, solid or liquid, suspended in the atmosphere. Clean (rural/marine) air.Polluted (urban) air.

Tiny Particles  Cannot be seen with the naked eye.  Seen as...

A sunrise over the China Sea

 The aerosols are:  Natural:  Man-made: Soil dust; Sea salt; Volcanic dust; Organic particles. Industrial; Burning biomass; Soot;  The most numerous are: Aerosol Types

 Aerosols can influence climate:  Directly:  Indirectly: - by reflecting incoming sunlight back to space. - by modifying the properties and lifetime of the clouds. Why are Aerosols so Important?

 More aerosols = more cloud droplets.  Reflect more sunlight.  Net result: cooling. Cloud Properties

 Inhibit the growth of cloud droplets.  Rain delayed.  Net result: longer cloud lifetime. Cloud Lifetime

 Oceans produce enormous amount of sea-salt aerosols.  For one year: 1.3  10 9 kg = cars. Sea-salt aerosols

 Sea-salt aerosols are the major contributor to sunlight reflection.  Sea-salt aerosols facilitate the formation of drops in marine clouds. Sea-Salt Aerosols and Climate

Oceanic bubbles link ocean and atmosphere