The Physical Layer Chapter 2. The Theoretical Basis for Data Communication a)Fourier Analysis b)Bandwidth-Limited Signals c)Maximum Data Rate of a Channel.

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Presentation transcript:

The Physical Layer Chapter 2

The Theoretical Basis for Data Communication a)Fourier Analysis b)Bandwidth-Limited Signals c)Maximum Data Rate of a Channel

Bandwidth-Limited Signals A binary signal and its root-mean-square Fourier amplitudes. (b) – (c) Successive approximations to the original signal.

Bandwidth-Limited Signals (2) (d) – (e) Successive approximations to the original signal.

Guided Transmission Data a)Magnetic Media b)Twisted Pair c)Coaxial Cable d)Fiber Optics

Twisted Pair (a) Category 3 UTP. (b) Category 5 UTP.

Coaxial Cable A coaxial cable.

Fiber Optics (a) Three examples of a light ray from inside a silica fiber impinging on the air/silica boundary at different angles. (b) Light trapped by total internal reflection.

Fiber Cables (a) Side view of a single fiber. (b) End view of a sheath with three fibers.

Wireless Transmission a)The Electromagnetic Spectrum b)Radio Transmission c)Microwave Transmission d)Infrared and Millimeter Waves e)Lightwave Transmission

The Electromagnetic Spectrum The electromagnetic spectrum and its uses for communication.

Radio Transmission (a) In the VLF, LF, and MF bands, radio waves follow the curvature of the earth. (b) In the HF band, they bounce off the ionosphere.

Lightwave Transmission Convection currents can interfere with laser communication systems. A bidirectional system with two lasers is pictured here.

Communication Satellites a)Geostationary Satellites b)Medium-Earth Orbit Satellites c)Low-Earth Orbit Satellites d)Satellites versus Fiber

Communication Satellites Communication satellites and some of their properties, including altitude above the earth, round-trip delay time and number of satellites needed for global coverage.

Communication Satellites (2) VSATs using a hub.

Low-Earth Orbit Satellites Iridium (a) The Iridium satellites from six necklaces around the earth. (b) 1628 moving cells cover the earth.

Globalstar (a) Relaying in space. (b) Relaying on the ground.

Modems (a) A binary signal (b) Amplitude modulation (c) Frequency modulation (d) Phase modulation

Circuit Switching (a) Circuit switching. (b) Packet switching.

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