Cost Versus Benefit of Plant Extracts (Pycnogenol ® ) in Diabetes Risk Reduction

Pycnogenol Standardized extract from bark of French maritime pine (Pinus maritima) Primarily comprises of  Phenolic compounds (catechin, epicatechin, and taxifolin)  Flavonoids (procyanidins and proanthocyanidins) Mediates a number of beneficial effects in the cardiovascular system Hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia Improvement of endothelial function and NO production

Bioflavonoids (Pycnogenol ® ) in Reduction of Hypertension During Treatment of Diabetics to Minimize use of Pharmaceutical Drugs

glucose transport is impaired glucose transport is impaired glucose transporter glucose transporter body cell ____ ___________ __ ____ ________ ____ ___________ __ ____ ________

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48 type II diabetes patients (40-75 years) double-blind, placebo controlled, 12 weeks treatment They are on medication: sulfonylurea, metformin, glitazones but fasting blood is still high: >140 mg/dL (120 is healthy) Patients are medicated with ACE-inihibtors But patients remain borderline hypertensive (average baseline systolic blood pressure 137 mmHg) 48 type II diabetes patients (40-75 years) double-blind, placebo controlled, 12 weeks treatment They are on medication: sulfonylurea, metformin, glitazones but fasting blood is still high: >140 mg/dL (120 is healthy) Patients are medicated with ACE-inihibtors But patients remain borderline hypertensive (average baseline systolic blood pressure 137 mmHg) Zibadi et al., Nutr Res 28: , 2008 _______ ____ __ ___ _________ __ ______ _____ _______ ____ __ ___ _________ __ ______ _____

Constituents Procyanidins: linked catechin subunits Procyanidins: linked catechin subunits Composition defined in: United States Pharmacopoeia (28) Composition defined in: United States Pharmacopoeia (28)

α-glucosidase disassembles starch Pycnogenol ® inhibits α-glucosidase Schäfer et al., Diab Res Clin Prac 77: 41-46, 2007

Pycnogenol ® slows sugar absorption and prolongs satiety

3 weeks 200 mg a day 3 weeks 100 mg a day 3 weeks 50 mg a day Blood glucose after meals Fasting blood glucose in the morning -3.3% -10.5% -4.7% -5.3% -7.8% -2.1% _________ ______ _____ _______ _________ ______ _____ _______ Liu et al., Diabetes Care 27: 839, 2004

_________ ______ _______ _____ _______ _________ ______ _______ _____ _______ Zibadi et al., Nutr Res 28: , 2008

start1 month2 months3 months HbA1c % Zibadi et al., Nutr Res 28: , 2008 _________ ______ _____ _______ _________ ______ _____ _______

_________ ________ ______ ____________ _________ ________ ______ ____________ Zibadi et al., Nutr Res 28: , 2008

start1 month2 months3 months Plasma Endothelin-1 pg/ml Zibadi et al., Nutr Res 28: , 2008 _________ ________ ______ ____________ _________ ________ ______ ____________

Zibadi et al., Nutr Res 28: , 2008 _________ ______ _____ ________ __ ________ ________ _________ ______ _____ ________ __ ________ ________

_________ ______ ___________ _________ ______ ___________ Zibadi et al., Nutr Res 28: , 2008

start1 month2 months3 months Serum LDL mg/dL Zibadi et al., Nutr Res 28: , 2008 _________ ______ ___________ _________ ______ ___________

start1 month2 months3 months Urinary albumin mg/L Zibadi et al., Nutr Res 28: , 2008 _________ ________ ______ ________ _________ ________ ______ ________

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Comparison of risk-factor reduction with cardiovascular risk-reducing drugs versus Pycnogenol Improvement in: PycnogenolRamipril (10-5 mg daily) Pravastatin (10-20 mg daily) Nifedipine (10 mg daily) Aspirin (500 mg daily) Systolic BP Mean total cholesterol LDL- cholesterol Serum endothelin-1 Platelet Reactivity 5% Decrease 200 mg daily 7.9% 120 mg daily 19.2% 120 mg daily 20% 100 mg daily 12.7% 125 mg daily 50% Dose reduction % 18.0% - 50% dose reduction %

Cost comparison of cardiovascular risk-reducing drugs with Pycnogenol DrugDose (mg)Cost per PillYearly Cost Pycnogenol Ramipril Pravastatin Nifedipine Aspirin $0.61 $0.39 $1.67 $2.50 $0.01 $223 $142 $608 $913 $4.85

Side effects for diabetes treatments PycnogenolMetforminGlipizideRepaglinide Side effect prevalence Side effect description Minimal Dizziness, nausea Common Abdominal pain, diarrhea Minimal Hypoglycemia Minimal Hypoglycemia

Cost-effectiveness of pycnogenol and traditional treatments for type II diabetes Pycnogenol (125 mg/day) Metformin (2,000 mg/day) Glipizide (20 mg/day) Repaglinide (2 mg/day) Improvement in: HbA1c (%) Fasting glucose (mg/dL) LDL level (%) No effect

Cost-effectiveness of pycnogenol and traditional treatments for type II diabetes Pycnogenol (125 mg/day) Metformin (2,000 mg/day) Glipizide (20 mg/day) Repaglinide (2 mg/day) Cost for eachincrement of improvement HbA1c (cost for a reduction of 1 percentage point) Fasting glucose (cost per mg/dLreduction) LDL level (cost for each percent reduction) Total yearly cost $181 $10 $19 $226 $415 $11 $39 $582 $184 $5 N/A $336 $844 $26 $98 $929

The total economic cost of diabetes in 2007 for the USA was 147 billion dollars, excluding the losses in quality of life. Per capita annual cost of health care for people with diabetes was $11,744. Globally, direct health care costs of diabetes range from 2.5% to 15% of annual health care budgets. The significant costs of poorly controlled diabetes clearly place a strain on individuals and communities.

Pycnogenol shows promise as a supplement to traditional diabetes treatments and is competitively cost-effective as compared to the pharmaceutical regimen.

The cost and prevalence of diabetes continues to increase, which makes a cost-effective supplement like Pycnogenol very promising as a mediator of this cost and should be considered as a supplement for type II diabetics after considering the potential benefits.

Due to the relative cost-effectiveness of Pycnogenol, supplementation should be beneficial for patients at risk for CVD who are maxed out on the traditional treatment but still exhibit uncontrolled risk factors. While CVD remains the leading cause of death in the USA, innovative and effective therapies are necessary, and Pycnogenol offers a potential cost-effective treatment that may help reduce the prevalence of CVD.