Inhibiting Microbial Growth in vivo CLS 212: Medical Microbiology.

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Antibiotics Antibiotic.
Advertisements

Treatment of infectious diseases. Drugs used in the treatment of bacterial diseases can be grouped into categories based on their modes of action: 1.
Chapter 20: Antimicrobial Drugs
Control of Microbial Growth Tim Ho University of Alberta, Canada * The materials are mostly based on Dr. Brian Lanoil’s Microb Part.
1 Chapter 9 Drugs for Bacterial, Viral, and Fungal Infections.
Younas Masih RN, Post RN BSc.N (Lecturer ) New Life College Of Nursing Karachi 11/7/20141Antimicrobial medications.
Introduction to Antibiotics 1 st yr( Respiratory block) Prof. Azza Elmedany.
Antimicrobial Drugs Chapter 20:. Antimicrobial Drugs: Antibiotic: Substance produced by a microorganism that in small amounts inhibits the growth of another.
Antimicrobial Drugs.
1 Antimicrobial Therapy Chemotherapy: any treatment of patient with chemicals to treat a condition. –Now word associated with cancer treatment –Our focus.
CHAPTER 20 Microbial Growth Control. Physical Antimicrobial Control Heat Sterilization Sterilization is the killing of all organisms, including viruses.
1 Antimicrobial Therapy Chemotherapy: any treatment of patient with chemicals to treat a condition. –Now word associated with cancer treatment –Our focus.
PHL 424 Antimicrobials 1 st Lecture By Abdelkader Ashour, Ph.D. Phone:
Pharmacology-1 PHL nd Term 9 th Lecture By Abdelkader Ashour, Ph.D. Phone:
1 Antimicrobial Therapy Chemotherapy: any treatment of patient with chemicals to treat a condition. –Now word associated with cancer treatment –Our focus.
PHL 521 Clinical Dental Therapeutics 1 st Lecture By Abdelkader Ashour, Ph.D. Phone:
Antimicrobial Drugs Chemotherapy: The use of drugs to treat a disease
Antibiotics Biotechnology II. Univ S. Carolina Antibiotics Disrupt Cell Wall Synthesis, Protein Synthesis, Nucleic Acid Synthesis and Metabolism.
Antibiotic Mechanisms of Action and Resistance MLAB 2434 – Microbiology Keri Brophy-Martinez.
Environmental Factors that Influence Microbes Including Antimicrobial Agents.
Antimicrobial Drugs Chemotherapy: Use of chemicals that do not harm the host yet kills others. Chemotherapeutic agent: substance that is used in medicine.
Antimicrobial Medications (Part I) Supplemental instruction Designed by Pyeongsug Kim ©2010 Fall 2010 For Dr. Wright’s Bio 7/27.
Controlling Pathogens. How can we control pathogens to prevent disease?  Hygienic measures/Antiseptic Technique  Treatment of infections  Defence at.
1 Antimicrobial Drugs. 2 Antimicrobal Chemotherapy Terms.
ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS. ANTIBIOTICS ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC AGENTS.
Pharmacology Unit 2: Applied Surgical Pharmacology Elsevier items and derived items © 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
 Infection and Disease Cellular and Non-cellular Pathogens.
Antimicrobial Drugs.
Chapter 15: Antimicrobial Drugs ChemotherapyThe use of drugs to treat a disease Antimicrobial drugsInterfere with the growth of microbes within a host.
Antibiotic Resistance
Antibiotics By Dr. Humodi A. Saeed Associate Prof. of Medical Microbiology College of Medical Lab. Science Sudan University of Science and Technology E.
Burton's Microbiology for the Health Sciences Chapter 9
Medicines and drugs antivirals.
Chapter 20-Antimicrobial Agents _______________:The use of drugs to treat a disease (not necessarily infectious) Antimicrobial drugs: Interfere with the.
DENS 521 Clinical Dental Therapeutics 1 st Lecture By Abdelkader Ashour, Ph.D. Phone:
Antimicrobial drugs. Antimicrobial drugs are effective in the treatment of infections because of their selective toxicity (that is, they have the ability.
Active immunization Immunology and microbiology 2011.
Chemotherapeutic Agents   Chemotherapy is a general term referring to the use of a drug to kill or weaken invading cells or organisms without harming.
Inhibiting Microbial Growth in vivo CLS 212: Medical Microbiology.
Treatment of Infectious Diseases. ›Drugs used to treat bacterial diseases are grouped into categories based on their modes of action Treatment of Bacterial.
ANTIMICROBIALS Chapter 10.
Copyright (c) 2004 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Basic Principles of Antimicrobial Therapy Chapter 79.
 Antimicrobial agents share certain common properties.  We can learn much about how these agents work and why they sometimes do not work by considering.
ANTIMICROBIALS: INTRODUCTION; MODE OF ACTION OF ANTIBIOTICS A Presentation By Ms R.Venkatajothi, MSc., MPhil, PhD Senior Lecturer Department of Microbiology.
PRINCIPLES OF ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY
CHEMOTHERAPY ANTIBIOTICS Chemical substances produced by microorganisms and have the capacity to inhibit or destroy other organisms. ANTIBIOTICS Chemical.
Drugs and Microbes.
ANTIMICROBIAL AGENTS.
Controlling Microbial Growth in Vivo Using Antimicrobial Agents
INFECTIOUS DISEASE Biomedical Technology
Chapter 20 Antimicrobial Medications
Chapter 9.
Treatment of Infectious Disease
Lecture 1 Antimicrobial drugs.
Chapter 20-Antimicrobial Agents
Introduction to Lab Ex. 14: Antibiotic Sensitivity
ANTIMICROBIAL THERAPY
AmbashRiaz AdeelaHussain SohailSamual
Treatment of Infectious Diseases
Treatment of Infectious Disease
Chapter 20 Antibacterial Agents
Chemotherapeutic agent
Introduction to antibacterial drugs
Principles of Antimicrobial Therapy
Drug Resistance Bacteria are considered resistant to an antibiotic if the maximal level of that antibiotic that can be tolerated by the host does not halt.
Investigate the Treatment of Infectious Diseases
Investigate the Treatment of Infectious Diseases
Principles of Antimicrobial Therapy
Presentation transcript:

Inhibiting Microbial Growth in vivo CLS 212: Medical Microbiology

Definitions Chemotherapy The use of any chemical (drug) to treat any disease or condition. Chemotherapeutic Agent Any drug used to treat any condition or disease. Antimicrobial Agent Any chemical (drug) used to treat an infectious disease, either by inhibiting or killing pathogens in vivo. Antibiotics A substance produced by a microorganism that is effective killing or inhibiting the growth of other microorganism.

Antimicrobial Agents Antibacterial Agent Drugs used to treat bacterial infections. Antifungal Agent Drugs used to treat fungal infections. Antiprotozoal Agent Drugs used to treat protozoal infections. Antiviral Agent Drugs used to treat viral infections.

Antibiotics Are primarily antibacterial agents and are used to treat bacterial diseases. Are produced by certain molds and bacteria usually living in the soil. Penicillin and cephalosporin are examples of antibiotics produced by molds. Bacitracin, eryhtromycin and chloramphenicol are examples of antibiotics produced by bacteria. Semisynthetic Antibiotics Are chemically modified antibiotics to kill a wider variety (more) pathogens or reduce side effects e.g. ampicillin.

Ideal Qualities of Antimicrobial Agent Characteristics of a good Drug: 1.Kill or inhibit the growth of pathogens. 2.Cause no damage to the host. 3.Cause no allergic reaction in the host. 4.Stable to store in solid or liquid form. 5.Stay in target tissues for a long time to be effective. 6.Kill the pathogen before they become resistant to it.

How Antimicrobial Agents Work The antimicrobial agent must target a metabolic process or structure present in the pathogen and not in the host. (A) Classification of Antibacterial Agents: (1) Based on mechanisms of action (Target site) of antibiotics are: 1.Inhibition of the cell wall synthesis (production). 2.Damage to the cell membrane. 3.Inhibition of the nucleic acid synthesis (DNA or RNA). 4.Inhibition of protein synthesis. 5.Inhibition of enzyme activity.

Antibacterial Agents (2) Based on activity of the drug: a-Bacteriostatic Agent Stop bacteria from growing and multiplying. Used only in healthy people. B-Bactericidal Agents Kill the bacteria. Used in healthy and immunocompromised people. Ex: Penicillin Will inhibit cell wall synthesis by interfering with the synthesis and cross linking of peptidoglycan. Will kill most gram positive bacteria. It cannot effect human cells because they don’t have cell walls.

Antibacterial Agents 3- Based on the Antibiotic effect spectrum: a-Narrow-spectrum Antibiotics Antibiotics that can destruct either Gram positive or Gram negative bacteria. e.g. vancomycin work on Gram positive bacteria only. colistin work on Gram negative bacteria only. B-Broad-spectrum Antibiotics Antibiotics that can destruct Both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria. e.g. Ampicillin.

Multidrug Therapy The simultaneous use of two or more drugs to kill all the pathogens and prevent resistant pathogens from growing. e.g. Treatment of Tuberculosis (Tb)- 4 drugs are used. Synergism The use of two or more drugs that work together “team up” and the effect on pathogens is better than either drug alone. Antagonism The use of two or more drugs that work against each other and the effect on pathogens is less than either drug alone.

Antifungal and Antiprotozoal Agents Antimicrobial drugs against fungal and protozoal pathogens are difficult to use because they are eukaryotic cells like our cells so they tend to be toxic to the patient. Mechanisms of action of Antifungal Agents are: 1.Binding to cell membrane tresols. 2.Inhibiting tresol synthesis. 3.Inhibiting nucleic acid synthesis. e.g. Amphotericin B Mechanisms of action of Antiprotozoal Agents are: 1.Inhibiting nucleic acid synthesis. 2.Inhibiting protozoal metabolism. e.g. Metronidazole

Antiviral Agents Until recent years there were no drugs for the treatment of viral diseases. Antiviral drugs are specially very difficult to produce because viruses are intracellular pathogens. Only few drugs have been found to be effective in certain viral diseases. They work by inhibiting viral replication within cells. e.g. Acyclovir for the treatment of HSV. “cocktail” of drugs including lamivudine for HIV.

Antimicrobial Resistance When microorganisms (mainly bacteria) become resistant to one or more antimicrobial agent. They make it difficult to treat the disease. The worst resistance is Multidrug Resistance= resistance to many different antimicrobial drugs. Examples: a)MRSA: Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. b)VRSA: Vancomycin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. c)MRTB: Multi-drug Resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. d)β -Lactamase resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. Note: some viruses, fungi, parasites have also shown resistance.

Resistance of Bacteria Intrinsic Resistance Some bacteria have natural resistance to some drugs because the drug cannot enter the bacterial cells or the bacteria doesn’t have the target site specific to the drug. Acquired Resistance Bacteria can acquire resistance by one of these methods: 1.Chromosomal Mutation The drug cannot bind to or enter through the bacteria cell. 2.To get a new Gene by conjugation, transduction, or transformation The drug will be destroyed or pumped out of the bacterial cell.