WHITE LINES SAVE LIVES ROAD MARKINGS AND ACTIVE SAFETY George A. Lee CEO - Highways Industry Confederation (UK)

White Lines Save Lives Markings When & Why In the UK, markings introduced in 1920’s, Minister of Transport expressed, -“the opinion that the experience tends to show that the White Line is calculated not only to reduce the number of accidents, but also to assist materially in the control of traffic by the police” Today the road marking network is acknowledged to: Reduce AccidentsControl Traffic Direct TrafficAct on Congestion

White Lines Save Lives Specifying Markings Setting Standards - European Norms ENs are a range output standards measured by performance of various variables. Established under Public Procurement Directive Created to remove barriers to trade between EU states Places road user and not client as the customer Compliance measured by output monitoring I.e. the performance of the product

White Lines Save Lives Specifying Markings Setting Standards - European Norms EN 1436 – Road Marking Performance for Road Users EN 1463 –1 & 2 – Retro reflecting Road Studs EN 1790 – Preformed Road Markings EN 1824 – Road Trials EN 1871 – Physical Properties

White Lines Save Lives Specifying Markings Setting Standards - European Norms Materials are trialled over one climatic cycle or by turntable Materials are measured for Performance variables such as Retro reflectivity, Skid Resistance and Luminance (whiteness) against a range of ‘wheel over’ classes.

White Lines Save Lives Performance of markings - What performance? Performance criteria are specified in accordance with EN 1436 allowing for a range of values to be called up Retro reflectivity values range from 100mcd through to 300mcd for dry markings Skid Resistance values range from 45srt to 65srt Performance variables are also defined for wet markings

White Lines Save Lives Performance of markings – What performance? Generic Performance Specifications used in the UK are mainly -The Specification for Highways Works (Highways Agency) -StanSpec (enhanced SHW) from RSMA

White Lines Save Lives Performance of markings – What performance? Performance options are set out clearly Specifier can select values for each variable, although there are practical restrictions

White Lines Save Lives Maintenance of markings – Defining maintenance Maintenance now based on performance of in situ markings In UK TD26/07 Highways Agency Maintenance Standard Clients are required to monitor their network to identify maintenance need

White Lines Save Lives Maintenance of markings - Defining maintenance Two methods of monitoring retro reflectivity

White Lines Save Lives Maintenance of markings -Defining maintenance TD26/07 requires annual monitoring of road marking network Markings falling below 100mcd require investigation and below 80mcd require replacement Failures are identified as either Category 1 or Category 2 with differing replacement schedules

White Lines Save Lives Maintenance of markings – Defining maintenance Category 1 defects require immediate replacement (or within 24 hours) Category 2 defects require replacement within 3 months TD26/07 also requires assessment of wear using a wear index M3, Line 1,

White Lines Save Lives Maintenance of markings - Defining maintenance Maintenance requirements are defined, therefore there is a need to understand the variables that impact upon performance and therefore define the maintenance requirement.

White Lines Save Lives Placing in context the positive impact of an effective road marking network. Extensive research in UK and US -Use of wet night product for lane lines -Use of wet night product for junctions -Markings & LA Accident Reduction Schemes -Use of audible markings -The impact of edge lines on rural roads

White Lines Save Lives Cheshire County Council 2007 data Material applied Serious Accidents down from 2 to 0 -Slight Accidents down from 14 to 6 -Wet night accidents down from 4 to 0 Use of wet night product for lane lines

White Lines Save Lives Use of wet night product for junctions Durham County Council 2007 data - Material applied % reduction in accidents associated with improved marking layouts -Reduction in speed in the 85 th percentile -An average 1 st year rate of return of 1,868%

White Lines Save Lives Markings & LA Accident Reduction Schemes ROSPA & TRL Research 2000 & TRL: Average reduction in accidents for road marking schemes 32% -ROSPA analysis Marking schemes reduce accidents by 34% Markings & Signs schemes reduce accidents by 41%

White Lines Save Lives Use of Audible markings 3 fold road safety benefits -Clear definition of edge line, sensory vibration and warning noise. -2 sets of data from 1994 and 2001 indicate accident reduction of 70% in month one and up to 50% long term

White Lines Save Lives Use of edge lines on rural roads Analysis of data from , English Counties -Accident reduction of up to 30% overall, with night time accident reduction of up to 68%

White Lines Save Lives Making markings work Performance for road users, optimising road safety Standards – National Standards Body EN 1436, EN 1463 –1 & 2, EN 1790, EN 1824, EN 1871 Range of supporting standards for glass beads, factory production & control etc. OR go to Specification – StanSpec Maintenance – UK Highways Agency Understanding – ERF, HIC,RSMA & similar groups

White Lines Save Lives