Heat in Chemical Reactions

10.1 Chemical Reactions that Involve Heat Energyq temperatureJ 1.Heat: Energy (symbol - q) that is transferred from one object to another due to a difference in temperature. Measured in Joules (symbol - J) heat changes 2. Thermochemistry: The study of heat changes in a chemical reaction.

3. Types of Chemical Reactions release Hproduct increases formation a. Exothermic Reactions: release heat into their surroundings. Heat is a product of the reaction and temperature increases. This occurs during bond formation. Combustion reactions are exothermic: burning propane C 3 H 8 + 5O 2 → 3CO 2 + 4H 2 O kJ Exothermic Reaction surroundings ΔT = + ΔH = -

Exothermic Reaction

absorbed bonds reactant decreasesbreaking b. Endothermic Reactions: Heat is absorbed by the reactants and stored in the chemical bonds of the products. Heat acts as a reactant and temperature decreases. This occurs during bond breaking. electrical Electrolysis of water requires electrical energy. 2H 2 O + 572kJ → 2H 2 + O 2 Endothermic Reaction surroundings ΔT= - ΔH=+

Exothermic/Endothermic Reactions

10.2 Heat and Enthalpy Changes heat H 1. Enthalpy: The heat content of a system at constant pressure (symbol is H ). Δ H 2. Enthalpy Change: The heat absorbed or released during a reaction (symbol is Δ H ). SKIP TO TOP of PAGE 3…

qH 4. When reactions take place at standard temperature and pressure, q = H. moststable form Standard Enthalpy Change (  H  ): Enthalpy change that occurs when reactants in their standard states (most stable form) change to products in their standard states. STP Standard Temperature and Pressure are: 0  C and 1 atm. endothermicabsorbed exothermic released The  H  is listed after the equation. If the  H  is positive the reaction is endothermic and heat was absorbed. If the  H  is negative, the reaction is exothermic and heat was released. moles 6. The amount of heat absorbed or released in a reaction depends upon the number of moles of reactants.

7. Enthalpy Changes in Stoichiometry Problems: Ex) How much heat will be released if 5.0 g of H 2 O 2 decomposes? 2H 2 O 2 → 2H 2 O + O 2 ΔH  = kJ

Ex) How much heat is transferred when you eat a 10. g Jolly rancher which is made of glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 )? It reacts in your body with oxygen according to the following equation. If 4.184kJ = 1 Cal, how many Calories are in the Jolly Rancher? C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 → 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O ΔH  = kJ C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 → 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O kJ

3. Enthalpy Diagrams: #1 #2

#1#2 a. Which has a higher enthalpy? Products or Reactants RP b. Was heat absorbed or released?RA c. Is this an endothermic or exothermic reaction?ExoEndo d. Is ΔH for this reaction positive or negative?-+ e. Would the ΔH be on the left or right side of the yield sign? RL f. Is the reverse reaction exothermic or endothermic? EndoExo

g. Rewrite each equation with the heat term in the reaction as a reactant or product: #1) C 3 H 8 + 5O 2 → 3CO 2 + 4H 2 O kJ #2) C + H 2 O + 113kJ → CO + H 2

 = “change in”  H = H products ─ H reactants HH H products H reactants Exothermic Reaction - lowhigh Endothermic Reaction + highlow

10.3 Hess’s Law - ( ) sum addsup 1.The enthalpy change for a reaction is the sum of the enthalpy changes for a series of reactions that adds up to the overall reaction. Law of Heat of Summation (Σ) 2.This is also called the Law of Heat of Summation (Σ) indirect 3. This allows you to determine the enthalpy change for a reaction by indirect means when a direct method cannot be done.

4. Steps for using Hess’s Law 1. Identify the compounds 2. Locate the compounds on the Heat of Reaction Table. 3. Write the reaction from the table so the compound is a reactant or product. 4. Write appropriate ΔH for each ‘sub equation.” If needed, multiply equation and enthalpy change value. (coefficients) If you reverse the equation, change the sign of the enthalpy change. 5. Add the equations to arrive at the desired net (original) equation. 6. Add ΔH (enthalpy changes) of each “sub equation.”

10.3 Calorimetry: motionvibration 1. The Kinetic Theory states that heat results from the motion & vibration of particles. kinetichotter colderdependent amount 2. Heat: The transfer of kinetic energy from a hotter object to a colder object. Heat is dependent on composition and amount. average kinetic energy (speed) independent 3. Temperature is a measure of how hot or cold something is; specifically it is the measure of the average kinetic energy (speed) of the particles in an object. It is independent of amount.

Heat Temperature is not the same as heat. Temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in an object. A temperature change is a result of a energy transfer. Julius Sumner Miller - Physics - Heat & Temperature Heat vs. Temperature Animation

heatflowmeasurement 4. Calorimetry is the study of heat flow and measurement. calorimeter 5. Calorimetry experiments determine the heats of reactions (enthalpy changes) by making accurate measurements of temperature changes produced in a calorimeter. insulated 6. A Calorimeter is an insulated device used to measure heat absorbed or released in a chemical or physical change.

1 g 7. Specific Heat (Cp): The amount of heat needed to raise 1 g of a substance by 1  C. Formula for specific heat: m=mass (substance)  T=change in temperature of the substance (T f ─T i ) Specific Heat of Water = J/g ºC = 1 calorie or.001food Calorie

8. Measuring Specific Heat of a Metal: Ex #1) What is the specific heat of a nickel if the temperature of a 32.2 g sample of nickel is increased by 3.5ºC when 50. J of heat is added.

Ex #2) How much heat is absorbed to be able to increase the temperature of a 26.2 g sample of aluminum (C p = J/gºC) from 25.3 ºC to 65.9 ºC?

9. Measuring Heat (q) of a Substance Dissolved in Water: You can rearrange this formula to determine the heat released or absorbed by the surroundings (solution) as the substance dissolves based on this assumption: q reaction = -q surroundings  q = 1) Calculate qfor the surroundings (solution) and determine q rxn. 2) Calculate the moles of solute dissolved in the water. 3) Calculate  H = ΔT = T f - T i

Ex) When a 4.25 g sample of solid NH 4 NO 3 dissolves in 60.0 g of H 2 O in a calorimeter,the temperature drops from 21.0 ºC to 16.9 ºC. Calculate  H. Rewrite the thermochemical equation with the heat term as a reactant or product. NH 4 NO 3(s) → NH 4 + (aq) + NO 3 - (aq)  H = ? 1.q sur =mCpΔT = (64.3g)(4.184J/g ° C)( ° C) q sur = J q rxn = - q sur = J kJ

10. Foods as Fuels: high low A. Carbohydrates typically have high enthalpies; however, the products of their combustion, CO 2 and H 2 O, have low enthalpies. exothermic B. Therefore, the combustion of carbohydrates and fats, is exothermic. glucose C. Sugars and Starches break down to glucose, which reacts with O 2 in a combustion reaction. D. Nutritional information on food labels can be gathered using a calorimeter. Carbs = 4 Cal/g Protein = 4 Cal/gFat = 9 Cal/g