MODULE I NETWORKING CONCEPTS

Network Layer Responsible for source to destination delivery of packets across multiple networks In DLL ,the delivery of packet between 2 systems on the same network,n/w layer ensures that each packet go to final destination Responsibilities Logical addressing n/w layer adds a header to the packet coming from upper layer ,includes logical address of sender and receiver

Network Layer Routing When independent n/w or links are connected to create large n/w , connecting devices like routers or switches route or switch the packet to their final destination

Network Layer

Network Layer The n/w layer at A sends packet to the network layer at B At B it makes decision based on routing table and find that next router is E n/w layer at B sends packet to n/w layer at E The network layer at E sends packet to network layer at F

Transport Layer Responsible for process to process delivery of entire message Process is an application program running on host n/w layer supports source-destination delivery of individual packets and does not recognize any relation between packets Transport layer ensures that whole message arrives in order

Transport Layer Responsibilities are Service point addressing Computers run several pgm at same time Source to destination delivery means delivery not only from one system to other but also to specific process So transport layer header must include a type of address called service point address or port address n/w layer gets each packet to correct computer but transport layer gets the entire message to the correct process on that computer

Transport Layer Segmentation and Reassembly A message is divided into transmittable segments with each segment containing a sequence number These numbers enable transport layer to reassemble message correctly upon arriving on destination and to identify and replace packets that were lost in transmission Connection control Transport layer can be either connectionless or connection oriented

Transport Layer A connectionless transport layer treats each segment as an independent packet and delivers it to the transport layer at destination machine A connection oriented transport layer makes a connection oriented transport layer at destination machine first before delivering the packets Flow Control End-end flow control is performed rather than across a single link

Session Layer It is n/w dialog controller Responsible for dialog control and synchronization Estabilishes and maintains synchronize the interaction among communication systems Responsibilities 1. Dialog Control Allows communication b/w 2 process to take place in either half duplex or full duplex mode

Session Layer 2.Synchronization Session layer allows a process to add check points or synchronization points Eg. If system is sending a file of 2000 pages it is advisable to insert check points after every 100 pages to ensure that each 100 page unit is received and acknowledged independently If a crash happens during transmission of page 523 the page need to be recent after system recovery are pages 501-523 .previous to 501 need not be send

Presentation Layer Concerned with syntax and semantics of information exchanged between 2 systems Responsible for translation compression and encryption Responsibilities 1.Translation The process in two systems are usually exchanging information in the form of character strings,numbers etc The information must be changed to bit streams before it is transmitted

Presentation Layer Different computers use different encoding system So presentation layer at sender changes information from sender dependent format to common format Presentation layer at the receiving machine changes the common format to its receiver dependent format

Presentation Layer 2.Encryption To carry sensitive information a system must be able to ensure privacy Encryption means sender transforms original information to other form and sends resulting message to n/w to other form and sends resulting message to n/w. 3.Compression Reduces no of bits contained in the information

Application Layer Enables the user to access the n/w Provides user interfaces and support for services such as electronic mail,remote file access and transfer etc. It is responsible for providing services to the user Services provided by application layer is

Application Layer 1. Network virtual terminal. A network virtual terminal is a software version of a physical terminal, and it allows a user to log on to a remote host. To do so, the application creates a software emulation of a terminal at the remote host 2. File transfer and access management Application allows a user to access file in a remote host 3. Mail services This application provides the basis for email forwarding and storage