The distribution of dissolved zinc in the South Atlantic as part of the UK GEOTRACES Programme UK GEOTRACES N. Wyatt 1, A. Milne 1, M. Woodward 2 G. Henderson 3, P. Worsfold 1, M. Lohan 1 1. Plymouth University, UK 2. Plymouth Marine Laboratory, UK 3. University of Oxford, UK

Zinc is a required metal for bacteria and phytoplankton. Serves as a metal cofactor for important processes, most notably for nucleic acid transcription and repair proteins, in the enzyme alkaline phosphatase and for CO 2 uptake via the enzyme carbonic anhydrase. Vertical profile strongly correlated to the macronutrients Si(OH) 4, NO 3 - and PO 4 3-, suggesting a role for zinc in ocean biogeochemical cycles. Seawater dZn concentrations range from 8 nM in deep waters. Minor component (~70 ppm) of continental crust Highly contamination prone element Zinc

The South Atlantic at 40 o S Satellite derived global chlorophyll concentrations (Sigman and Hain, 2012) 40 o S

Sampling and Analysis Left: Cruise transect map Above: R.R.S James Cook, Cape Town S.A.

Sampling and Analysis Samples collected to ~5200 m using TM clean Ti CTD rosette Surface (10 m) samples collected by towed FISH Filtered through 0.2 µm cartridge filter Total dissolved Zn determined by FIA-FL (Nowicki et al., 1994; Gosnell and Landing, 2012) Nutrient samples analysed by segmented flow colorimetric auto-analysis (Woodward and Rees, 2001)

D357 Total dissolved zinc Dissolved zinc concentrations range 15 pM – 8.2 nM Concentrations generally increase with depth but slightly decrease between 1500 – 2500 m 1st transect 2nd transect

JC068 Total dissolved zinc Dissolved zinc concentrations range 15 pM – 8.2 nM Concentrations generally increase with depth but slightly decrease between 1500 – 2500 m

JC068+D357 Total dissolved zinc JC068 with D m intergrated. Dissolved zinc concentrations range 15 pM – 8.2 nM. Concentrations generally increase with depth but slightly decrease between 1500 – 2500 m

Crossover station 3

dZn distribution controlled by water masses UCDW AABW NADW UCDW AAIW AABW NADW UCDW

Strong Zn/Si relationship primarily due to uptake and regeneration of Zn by diatoms. Surface ratio lower due to biological uptake. Deep water (> 3000 m) ratio suggests a slight underestimation of dZn by up to 6 % in South Atlantic bottom waters. n = 348 LocationSlopeR2R2 nReference Global deepwater >1000 m North Pacific Marchitto et al. (2000) Bruland (1980) Drake Passage Martin et al. (1990) Southern Ocean Croot et al. (2011) Polar Front 49° 59´ S Löscher et al. (1999) South Atlantic This study JC068 Zn vs. Si AABW

Low Zn D357 – Transect 1 Zinc and silicate nutricline 500 – 700 m Nitrate and phosphate nutricline 100 – 400 m Low zinc concentrations likely linked with the Southern Ocean nutrient return path

Low Zn JC068 Zinc and silicate nutricline 500 – 700 m Nitrate and phosphate nutricline 100 – 400 m Low zinc concentrations likely linked with the Southern Ocean nutrient return path

NADW AABW UCDW Nitrate data from one of 24 WOCE sections in the Atlantic 40 o S AABW NADW UCDW 40 o S UK GEOTRACES Southern Ocean supply of nutrients

SAMW is main nutrient return path from deep waters of the Southern Ocean to the thermocline of global ocean. SAMW characterised by high nitrate but low silicate. Si* = Si(OH) 4 – NO 3 - used to trace movement of SAMW. Sarmiento et al. (2004) SAMW and Si* tracer

SAMW SAMW and Si* tracer

Future work Co analysis for D357 and JC068 – November I will look into the potential limitation patterns of Zn and Co over the three transects. I would hope to recruit the help of Heather and Tom and potential look at their phytoplankton data to determine the groups present along 40 S. Argentine Basin core samples. The high concentrations of Zn at depth may prove an interesting story and we can now potentially look at the Zn within the core samples. Thanks Will. Papers. Hopefully two, one based on the Zn/Co distribution across the entire transect and one focusing on the Cape basin seasonal changes in Zn/Co and their potential for limiting biological production. Particulates?

Summary Zinc is a required metal for bacteria and phytoplankton. Our aim was to measure dissolved zinc concentrations along 40 o S transect and to determine the process that control its distribution and examine the role of zinc in controlling productivity. Dissolved zinc concentrations ranged 15 pM – 8.2 nM. The zinc concentrations along 40 o S are primarily controlled by the water masses that occupy the area. We found a significant (R ) correlation between dissolved zinc and silicate for the entire transect and a