CHAPTER 8: FACTORING FACTOR (noun) –Any of two or more quantities which form a product when multiplied together. 12 can be rewritten as 3*4, where 3 and 4 are FACTORS of 12. FACTOR (verb) - To factor an expression is to rewrite it as a product of 2 or more quantities. Factoring is sometimes called FACTORIZATION. 12 can be FACTORED into the product 3*4. Variable Expressions can also be factored. 35x 2 can be factored into 7(5x 2 ) or 5x(7x) or 5(7x 2 ), etc… How about this polynomial expression? 5x 3 – 35x x To factor a polynomial, the FIRST STEP is to look for a GREATEST COMMON FACTOR. The GCF of a polynomial is the GREATEST number (or variable expression) that is a factor of every term in the expression. That is, it is the variable expression that is the GCF of the coefficients, and the GCF of each of the variables. How many terms are there?___ What are they? _______________ What is the GCF of these terms? ______ Let’s take another look at the polynomial: 5x 3 – 35x x Coefficients: The Coefficients are 5, -35, and 10. The Coefficient GCF is 5. Variables: The only variable is x, the first term has x 3, the 2 nd term has x 2, the third term has x. The GCF is the greatest x power that can go into ALL of those terms, but practically this means it will be the variable term with the smallest power: x The GCF of 5x 3 – 35x x is 5x Now to factor the polynomial: Rewrite the polynomial as a product with 5x as one factor, and the remaining expression (after dividing each term by 5x). This polynomial cannot be factored any more. It is “prime.” We’ll see why later.

Put it all together and the GCF of the polynomial is: ____ NOW YOU TRY: Factor this: 6x 4 y 2 – 9x 3 y x 2 y 4 ___ __

FACTORING BY GROUPING Example 3: y(x + 2) + 3(x + 2) Remember, a FACTOR is something being multiplied in a product. Do you a common factor in this expression? y(x + 2) + 3(x + 2) Example 4: 2x(x - 5) + y(5 - x) At first, it looks like there is no common factor, but notice that x-5 and 5-x are very similar. In fact, - (5-x) = -5+x = x-5 So we can rewrite (5-x) has –(x-5) 2x(x - 5) + y(-(x - 5)) = 2x(x - 5) –y(x - 5) =(x – 5)(2x – y) Try factoring 3y(5x-2) – 4(2-5x) COMMON FACTOR

Example 5: 3y 3 – 4y 2 – 6y + 8 If there is not a common factor of ALL the terms, you can factor by GROUPING the terms in to groups that DO have a common factor. (3y 3 – 4y 2 ) + (– 6y + 8) =y 2 (3y - 4) + -2(3y – 4) = (3y - 4)(y 2 – 2) YOU TRY FACTORING y 5 - 5y 3 + 4y Factor out a -2 instead of 2 so that this group will have a common factor to the other group (3y – 4).

FACTORING POLYNOMIALS OF THE FORM x 2 + bx + c Example 1: Factor the polynomial: x x + 32 STEP 1: Is there a GCF of all three terms? NO STEP 2: Is this polynomial a trinomial with degree 2? YES Since this is a trinomial with degree 2, it is possible that this polynomial can be factored into 2 binomials: ( x + a )( x + b ) Remember, the FOIL method for (x + a)(x + b) = x 2 + ax + bx + ab = x 2 + (a + b)x + ab So from this general form, we see that the factors of the Last Term (ab), must add up to make the Middle Term’s coefficient. STEP 3: Try different factor’s of the Last Term that will add up to the Middle Term’s coefficient. Polynomial: x x + 32 Last Term: __ Middle Term’s Coefficient: __ Factors of Last Term Sum of Those Factors 1, = 33 4,84+8 = 12 2, = 18 FACTORIZATION: (x + 2)(x + 16)

Example 2: Factor x 2 – 6x – 16 STEP 1: Is there a GCF of all three terms? __ STEP 2: Is it a trinomial with degree 2? __ Last Term: __Middle Term’s Coefficient: __ Factors of Last Term Sum of Those Factors 1, = , = 15 2, = -6 -2, = 6 4, = 0 -4, = 0 FACTORIZATION: (x – 2)(x +8) UNFACTORABLE TRINOMIALS: x 2 – 6x – 8 There are no factors of -8 that can add up to -6, So this is considered a “prime” polynomial and is “nonfactorable over the integers.”

PROBLEM 3 P. 427 Factor 3a 2 b – 18ab – 81b STEP 1: Is there a GCF of all three terms? YES GCF is ________ Factor out the GCF: STEP 2: After factoring out the GCF is one of the factors a trinomial with degree 2? ___ STEP 3: Find factors of the last term of the trinomial that add up to the middle term’s coefficient and factor into two binomials. STEP 4: Don’t forget STEP 1’S GCF in you final factorization!

EXAMPLE 4: Factor x 2 + 9xy + 20y 2 STEP 1: Is there a GCF of all terms? NO STEP 2: Is this a trinomial with degree 2? YES STEP 3: Find factors of the last term of the trinomial that add up to the middle term’s coefficient and factor into two binomials. In this case, make sure the factors of the the last term are “like terms” that can be combined. (eg. 20 and 1y 2 are not like terms but are factors of 20y 2 ) FACTORIZATION: (x + 4y)(x + 5y) Factors of Last Term, 20y 2 Sum of Those Factors 20y, 1y20y+1y =21y 2y, 10y2y + 10y = 12y 4y, 5y4y + 5y = 9y