Probabilistic Topic Models ChengXiang Zhai Department of Computer Science Graduate School of Library & Information Science Institute for Genomic Biology Department of Statistics University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign
2 Outline 1.General Idea of Topic Models 2.Basic Topic Models -Probabilistic Latent Semantic Analysis (PLSA) -Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) -Applications of Basic Topic Models to Text Mining 3.Advanced Topic Models -Capturing Topic Structures -Contextualized Topic Models -Supervised Topic Models 4.Summary We are here
Document as a Sample of Mixed Topics How can we discover these topic word distributions? Many applications would be enabled by discovering such topics –Summarize themes/aspects –Facilitate navigation/browsing –Retrieve documents –Segment documents –Many other text mining tasks Topic 1 Topic k Topic 2 … Background k government 0.3 response donate 0.1 relief 0.05 help city 0.2 new 0.1 orleans is 0.05 the 0.04 a [ Criticism of government response to the hurricane primarily consisted of criticism of its response to the approach of the storm and its aftermath, specifically in the delayed response ] to the [ flooding of New Orleans. … 80% of the 1.3 million residents of the greater New Orleans metropolitan area evacuated ] …[ Over seventy countries pledged monetary donations or other assistance]. … 3
4 Simplest Case: 1 topic + 1 “background” the a … text 0.04 mining association 0.03 clustering computer … food … General Background English Text Text mining paper the 0.03 a 0.02 is we food computer … text … B Background LM: p(w| B ) Document LM: p(w| d ) d How can we “get rid of” the common words from the topic to make it more discriminative? dd Assume words in d are from two distributions: 1 topic + 1 background (rather than just one) BB
The Simplest Case: One Topic + One Background Model w w Document d Maximum Likelihood P(w| ) P(w| B ) 1- P(Topic) Background words Topic words Assume p(w| B ) and are known = assumed percentage of background words in d Topic choice 5
Understanding a Mixture Model the 0.2 a 0.1 we 0.01 to 0.02 … text mining … Known Background p(w| B ) … text =? mining =? association =? word =? … Unknown query topic p(w| )=? “Text mining” Suppose each model would be selected with equal probability =0.5 The probability of observing word “text”: p(“text”| B ) + (1- )p(“text”| ) =0.5* * p(“text”| ) The probability of observing word “the”: p(“the”| B ) + (1- )p(“the”| ) =0.5* * p(“the”| ) The probability of observing “the” & “text” (likelihood) [0.5* * p(“text”| )] [0.5* * p(“the”| )] How to set p(“the”| ) and p(“text”| ) so as to maximize this likelihood? assume p(“the”| )+p(“text”| )=constant give p(“text”| ) a higher probability than p(“the”| ) (why?) B and are competing for explaining words in document d! 6
Simplest Case Continued: How to Estimate ? the 0.2 a 0.1 we 0.01 to 0.02 … text mining … Known Background p(w| B ) … text =? mining =? association =? word =? … Unknown query topic p(w| )=? “Text mining” =0.7 =0.3 Observed words Suppose we know the identity/label of each word... ML Estimator 7
Can We Guess the Identity? Identity (“hidden”) variable: z i {1 (background), 0(topic)} the paper presents a text mining algorithm the paper... z i Suppose the parameters are all known, what’s a reasonable guess of z i ? - depends on (why?) - depends on p(w| B ) and p(w| ) (how?) Initially, set p(w| ) to some random values, then iterate … E-step M-step 8
An Example of EM Computation Assume =0.5 Expectation-Step: Augmenting data by guessing hidden variables Maximization-Step With the “augmented data”, estimate parameters using maximum likelihood 9
10 Outline 1.General Idea of Topic Models 2.Basic Topic Models -Probabilistic Latent Semantic Analysis (PLSA) -Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) -Applications of Basic Topic Models to Text Mining 3.Advanced Topic Models -Capturing Topic Structures -Contextualized Topic Models -Supervised Topic Models 4.Summary We are here
Discover Multiple Topics in a Collection Topic 1 Topic k Topic 2 … Topic coverage in document d Background B warning 0.3 system aid 0.1 donation 0.05 support statistics 0.2 loss 0.1 dead is 0.05 the 0.04 a kk 11 22 B W d,1 d, k 1 - B d,2 “Generating” word w in doc d in the collection ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? BB Parameters: =( B, { d,j }, { j }) Can be estimated using ML Estimator Percentage of background words Coverage of topic j in doc d Prob. of word w in topic j 11
Probabilistic Latent Semantic Analysis/Indexing (PLSA/PLSI) [Hofmann 99a, 99b] Mix k multinomial distributions to generate a document Each document has a potentially different set of mixing weights which captures the topic coverage When generating words in a document, each word may be generated using a DIFFERENT multinomial distribution (this is in contrast with the document clustering model where, once a multinomial distribution is chosen, all the words in a document would be generated using the same multinomial distribution) By fitting the model to text data, we can estimate (1) the topic coverage in each document, and (2) word distribution for each topic, thus achieving “topic mining” 12
How to Estimate Multiple Topics? (Expectation Maximization) the 0.2 a 0.1 we 0.01 to 0.02 … Known Background p(w | B ) … text =? mining =? association =? word =? … Unknown topic model p(w| 1 )=? “Text mining” Observed Words M-Step: Max. Likelihood Estimator based on “fractional counts” … … information =? retrieval =? query =? document =? … Unknown topic model p(w| 2 )=? “information retrieval” E-Step: Predict topic labels using Bayes Rule 13
Parameter Estimation E-Step: Word w in doc d is generated - from cluster j - from background Application of Bayes rule M-Step: Re-estimate - mixing weights - topic LM Fractional counts contributing to - using cluster j in generating d - generating w from cluster j Sum over all docs in the collection 14
How the Algorithm Works aid price oil π d1,1 ( P(θ 1 |d 1 ) ) π d1,2 ( P(θ 2 |d 1 ) ) π d2,1 ( P(θ 1 |d 2 ) ) π d2,2 ( P(θ 2 |d 2 ) ) aid price oil Topic 1Topic 2 aid price oil P(w| θ) Initial value Initializing π d, j and P(w| θ j ) with random values Iteration 1: E Step: split word counts with different topics (by computing z’ s) Iteration 1: M Step: re-estimate π d, j and P(w| θ j ) by adding and normalizing the splitted word counts Iteration 2: E Step: split word counts with different topics (by computing z’ s) Iteration 2: M Step: re-estimate π d, j and P(w| θ j ) by adding and normalizing the splitted word counts Iteration 3, 4, 5, … Until converging d1d1 d2d2 c(w, d) c(w,d)p(z d,w = B) c(w,d)(1 - p(z d,w = B))p(z d,w =j) Topic coverage 15
PLSA with Prior Knowledge Users have some domain knowledge in mind, e.g., –We expect to see “retrieval models” as a topic in IR literature –We want to see aspects such as “battery” and “memory” for opinions about a laptop –One topic should be fixed to model background words (infinitely strong prior!) We can easily incorporate such knowledge as priors of PLSA model 16
Adding Prior : Maximum a Posteriori (MAP) Estimation Topic 1 Topic k Topic 2 … Background B warning 0.3 system aid 0.1 donation 0.05 support statistics 0.2 loss 0.1 dead is 0.05 the 0.04 a kk 11 22 BB B W d,1 d, k 1 - B d,2 “Generating” word w in doc d in the collection Parameters: B =noise-level (manually set) ’s and ’s are estimated with Maximum A Posteriori (MAP) Most likely Topic coverage in document d Prior can be placed on as well (more about this later) 17
Adding Prior as Pseudo Counts the 0.2 a 0.1 we 0.01 to 0.02 … Known Background p(w | B) … text =? mining =? association =? word =? … Unknown topic model p(w| 1 )=? “Text mining” … information =? retrieval =? query =? document =? … … Unknown topic model p(w| 2 )=? “information retrieval” Suppose, we know the identity of each word... Observed Doc(s) MAP Estimator Pseudo Doc Size = μ text mining 18
Maximum A Posterior (MAP) Estimation + p(w| ’ j ) ++ Pseudo counts of w from prior ’ Sum of all pseudo counts What if =0? What if =+ ? A consequence of using conjugate prior is that the prior can be converted into “pseudo data” which can then be “merged” with the actual data for parameter estimation 19
A General Introduction to EM Data: X (observed) + H(hidden) Parameter: “Incomplete” likelihood: L( )= log p(X| ) “Complete” likelihood: Lc( )= log p(X,H| ) EM tries to iteratively maximize the incomplete likelihood: Starting with an initial guess (0), 1. E-step: compute the expectation of the complete likelihood 2. M-step: compute (n) by maximizing the Q-function 20
Convergence Guarantee Goal: maximizing “Incomplete” likelihood: L( )= log p(X| ) I.e., choosing (n), so that L( (n) )-L( (n-1) ) 0 Note that, since p(X,H| ) =p(H|X, ) P(X| ), L( ) =Lc( ) -log p(H|X, ) L( (n) )-L( (n-1) ) = Lc( (n) )-Lc( (n-1) )+log [p(H|X, (n-1) )/p(H|X, (n) )] Taking expectation w.r.t. p(H|X, (n-1) ), L( (n) )-L( (n-1) ) = Q( (n) ; (n-1) )-Q( (n-1) ; (n-1) ) + D(p(H|X, (n-1) )||p(H|X, (n) )) KL-divergence, always non-negative EM chooses (n) to maximize Q Therefore, L( (n) ) L( (n-1) )! Doesn’t contain H 21
EM as Hill-Climbing: converging to a local maximum Likelihood p(X| ) current guess Lower bound (Q function) next guess E-step = computing the lower bound M-step = maximizing the lower bound L( )= L( (n-1) ) + Q( ; (n-1) ) -Q( (n-1) ; (n-1) ) + D(p(H|X, (n-1) )||p(H|X, )) L( (n-1) ) + Q( ; (n-1) ) -Q( (n-1) ; (n-1) ) 22
Deficiency of PLSA Not a generative model –Can’t compute probability of a new document –Heuristic workaround is possible, though Many parameters high complexity of models –Many local maxima –Prone to overfitting Not necessary a problem for text mining (only interested in fitting the “training” documents) 23
Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) [Blei et al. 02] Make PLSA a generative model by imposing a Dirichlet prior on the model parameters –LDA = Bayesian version of PLSA –Parameters are regularized Can achieve the same goal as PLSA for text mining purposes –Topic coverage and topic word distributions can be inferred using Bayesian inference 24
25 LDA = Imposing Prior on PLSA Topic coverage in document d kk 11 22 W d,1 d, k d,2 “Generating” word w in doc d in the collection PLSA: Topic coverage d,j is specific to the “training documents”, thus can’t be used to generate a new document In addition, the topic word distributions { j } are also drawn from another Dirichlet prior LDA: Topic coverage distribution { d,j } for any document is sampled from a Dirichlet distribution, allowing for generating a new doc { d,j } are regularized { d,j } are free for tuning Magnitudes of and determine the variances of the prior, thus also the strength of prior (larger and stronger prior)
Equations for PLSA vs. LDA 26 PLSA LDA Core assumption in all topic models PLSA component Added by LDA
Parameter Estimation & Inferences in LDA 27 Parameter estimation can be done in the same say as in PLSA: Maximum Likelihood Estimator: However, must now be computed using posterior inference: Computationally intractable, must resort to approximate inference!
LDA as a graph model [Blei et al. 03a] NdNd D zizi wiwi (d) (j) (d) Dirichlet( ) z i Discrete( (d) ) (j) Dirichlet( ) w i Discrete( (zi) ) T distribution over topics for each document (same as d on the previous slides) topic assignment for each word distribution over words for each topic (same as j on the previous slides) word generated from assigned topic Dirichlet priors Most approximate inference algorithms aim to infer from which other interesting variables can be easily computed 28
Approximate Inferences for LDA Many different ways; each has its pros & cons Deterministic approximation –variational EM [Blei et al. 03a] –expectation propagation [Minka & Lafferty 02] Markov chain Monte Carlo –full Gibbs sampler [Pritchard et al. 00] –collapsed Gibbs sampler [Griffiths & Steyvers 04] 29 Most efficient, and quite popular, but can only work with conjugate prior
The collapsed Gibbs sampler [Griffiths & Steyvers 04] Using conjugacy of Dirichlet and multinomial distributions, integrate out continuous parameters Defines a distribution on discrete ensembles z 30
The collapsed Gibbs sampler [Griffiths & Steyvers 04] Sample each z i conditioned on z -i This is nicer than your average Gibbs sampler: –memory: counts can be cached in two sparse matrices –optimization: no special functions, simple arithmetic –the distributions on and are analytic given z and w, and can later be found for each sample 31
Gibbs sampling in LDA iteration 1 32
Gibbs sampling in LDA iteration
Gibbs sampling in LDA iteration 1 2 Count of instances where w i is assigned with topic j Count of all words assigned with topic j words in d i assigned with topic j words in d i assigned with any topic 34
iteration 1 2 Gibbs sampling in LDA How likely would d i choose topic j? What’s the most likely topic for w i in d i ? How likely would topic j generate word w i ? 35
Gibbs sampling in LDA iteration
Gibbs sampling in LDA iteration
Gibbs sampling in LDA iteration
Gibbs sampling in LDA iteration
Gibbs sampling in LDA iteration 1 2 …
Applications of Topic Models for Text Mining: Illustration with 2 Topics Likelihood: Application Scenarios: -p(w| 1 ) & p(w| 2 ) are known; estimate -p(w| 1 ) & are known; estimate p(w| 2 ) -p(w| 1 ) is known; estimate & p(w| 2 ) - is known; estimate p(w| 1 )& p(w| 2 ) -Estimate, p(w| 1 ), p(w| 2 ) The doc is about text mining and food nutrition, how much percent is about text mining? 30% of the doc is about text mining, what’s the rest about? The doc is about text mining, is it also about some other topic, and if so to what extent? 30% of the doc is about one topic and 70% is about another, what are these two topics? The doc is about two subtopics, find out what these two subtopics are and to what extent the doc covers each. 41
Use PLSA/LDA for Text Mining Both PLSA and LDA would be able to generate –Topic coverage in each document: p( d = j) –Word distribution for each topic: p(w| j ) –Topic assignment at the word level for each document –The number of topics must be given in advance These probabilities can be used in many different ways – j naturally serves as a word cluster – d,j can be used for document clustering –Contextual text mining: Make these parameters conditioned on context, e.g., p( j |time), from which we can compute/plot p(time| j ) p( j |location), from which we can compute/plot p(loc| j ) 42
Sample Topics from TDT Corpus [Hofmann 99b] 43
44 How to Help Users Interpret a Topic Model? [Mei et al. 07b] Use top words –automatic, but hard to make sense Human generated labels –Make sense, but cannot scale up term 0.16 relevance 0.08 weight 0.07 feedback 0.04 independence 0.03 model 0.03 frequent 0.02 probabilistic 0.02 document 0.02 … Retrieval Models Question: Can we automatically generate understandable labels for topics? Term, relevance, weight, feedback insulin foraging foragers collected grains loads collection nectar … ?
45 Automatic Labeling of Topics [Mei et al. 07b] Statistical topic models NLP Chunker Ngram stat. term relevance weight feedback independence model frequent probabilistic document … term relevance weight feedback independence model frequent probabilistic document … term relevance weight feedback independence model frequent probabilistic document … Multinomial topic models database system, clustering algorithm, r tree, functional dependency, iceberg cube, concurrency control, index structure … Candidate label pool Collection (Context) Ranked List of Labels clustering algorithm; distance measure; … Relevance Score Re-ranking Coverage; Discrimination 1 2
46 Relevance: the Zero-Order Score Intuition: prefer phrases well covering top words Clustering dimensional algorithm birch shape Latent Topic … Good Label ( l 1 ): “clustering algorithm” body Bad Label ( l 2 ): “body shape” … p(w| ) p(“clustering”| ) = 0.4 p(“dimensional”| ) = 0.3 p(“body”| ) = p(“shape”| ) = 0.01 √ >
47 Clustering hash dimension key algorithm … Bad Label ( l 2 ): “hash join” p(w | hash join ) Relevance: the First-Order Score Intuition: prefer phrases with similar context (distribution) Clustering dimension partition algorithm hash Topic … P(w| ) D( | clustering algorithm ) < D( | hash join ) SIGMOD Proceedings Clustering hash dimension algorithm partition … p(w | clustering algorithm ) Good Label ( l 1 ): “clustering algorithm” Score (l, )
48 Results: Sample Topic Labels sampling 0.06 estimation 0.04 approximate 0.04 histograms 0.03 selectivity 0.03 histogram 0.02 answers 0.02 accurate 0.02 tree 0.09 trees 0.08 spatial 0.08 b 0.05 r 0.04 disk 0.02 array 0.01 cache 0.01 north 0.02 case 0.01 trial 0.01 iran 0.01 documents 0.01 walsh reagan charges the, of, a, and, to, data, > 0.02 … clustering 0.02 time 0.01 clusters 0.01 databases 0.01 large 0.01 performance 0.01 quality clustering algorithm clustering structure … large data, data quality, high data, data application, … selectivity estimation … iran contra … r tree b tree … indexing methods
49 Results: Contextual-Sensitive Labeling sampling estimation approximation histogram selectivity histograms … selectivity estimation; random sampling; approximate answers; multivalue dependency functional dependency Iceberg cube distributed retrieval; parameter estimation; mixture models; term dependency; independence assumption; Context: Database (SIGMOD Proceedings) Context: IR (SIGIR Proceedings) dependencies functional cube multivalued iceberg buc …
Using PLSA to Discover Temporal Topic Trends [Mei & Zhai 05] gene expressions probability microarray … marketing customer model business … rules association support … 50
Construct Theme Evolution Graph [Mei & Zhai 05] T SVM criteria classifica – tion linear … decision tree classifier class Bayes … Classifica - tion text unlabeled document labeled learning … Informa - tion web social retrieval distance networks … ………… 1999 … web classifica – tion features0.006 topic … mixture random cluster clustering variables … topic mixture LDA semantic … …
52 Use PLSA to Integrate Opinions [Lu & Zhai 08] cute… tiny…..thicker.. last many hrs die out soon could afford it still expensive Design Battery Price.. Topic: iPod Expert review with aspects Text collection of ordinary opinions, e.g. Weblogs Integrated Summary Design Battery Price Design Battery Price iTunes … easy to use… warranty …better to extend.. Review Aspects Extra Aspects Similar opinions Supplementary opinions Input Output
Methods Semi-Supervised Probabilistic Latent Semantic Analysis (PLSA) –The aspects extracted from expert reviews serve as clues to define a conjugate prior on topics –Maximum a Posteriori (MAP) estimation –Repeated applications of PLSA to integrate and align opinions in blog articles to expert review 53
Results: Product (iPhone) Opinion Integration with review aspects Review articleSimilar opinionsSupplementary opinions You can make emergency calls, but you can't use any other functions… N/A… methods for unlocking the iPhone have emerged on the Internet in the past few weeks, although they involve tinkering with the iPhone hardware… rated battery life of 8 hours talk time, 24 hours of music playback, 7 hours of video playback, and 6 hours on Internet use. iPhone will Feature Up to 8 Hours of Talk Time, 6 Hours of Internet Use, 7 Hours of Video Playback or 24 Hours of Audio Playback Playing relatively high bitrate VGA H.264 videos, our iPhone lasted almost exactly 9 freaking hours of continuous playback with cell and WiFi on (but Bluetooth off). Unlock/hack iPhone Activation Battery Confirm the opinions from the review Additional info under real usage 54
Results: Product (iPhone) Opinions on extra aspects supportSupplementary opinions on extra aspects 15You may have heard of iASign … an iPhone Dev Wiki tool that allows you to activate your phone without going through the iTunes rigamarole. 13Cisco has owned the trademark on the name "iPhone" since 2000, when it acquired InfoGear Technology Corp., which originally registered the name. 13With the imminent availability of Apple's uber cool iPhone, a look at 10 things current smartphones like the Nokia N95 have been able to do for a while and that the iPhone can't currently match... Another way to activate iPhone iPhone trademark originally owned by Cisco A better choice for smart phones? 55
Results: Product (iPhone) Support statistics for review aspects People care about price People comment a lot about the unique wi-fi feature Controversy: activation requires contract with AT&T 56
Comparison of Task Performance of PLSA and LDA [Lu et al. 11] Three text mining tasks considered –Topic model for text clustering –Topic model for text categorization (topic model is used to obtain low-dimensional representation) –Topic model for smoothing language model for retrieval Conclusions –PLSA and LDA generally have similar task performance for clustering and retrieval –LDA works better than PLSA when used to generate low- dimensional representation (PLSA suffers from overfitting) –Task performance of LDA is very sensitive to setting of hyperparameters –Multiple local maxima problem of PLSA didn’t seem to affect task performance much 57
58 Outline 1.General Idea of Topic Models 2.Basic Topic Models -Probabilistic Latent Semantic Analysis (PLSA) -Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) -Applications of Basic Topic Models to Text Mining 3.Advanced Topic Models -Capturing Topic Structures -Contextualized Topic Models -Supervised Topic Models 4.Summary We are here
Overview of Advanced Topic Models There are MANY variants and extensions of the basic PLSA/LDA topic models! Selected major lines to cover in this tutorial –Capturing Topic Structures –Contextualized Topic Models –Supervised Topic Models 59
Capturing Topic Structure: Learning topic hierarchies Fixed hierarchies: [Hofmann 99c] Learning hierarchies: [Blei et al 03b] Topic 0 Topic 1.1 Topic 1.2 Topic 2.1 Topic 2.2 Topic
Learning topic hierarchies Topic 0 Topic 1.1 Topic 1.2 Topic 2.1 Topic 2.2 Topic 2.3 The topics in each document form a path from root to leaf Fixed hierarchies: [Hofmann 99c] Learning hierarchies:[Blei et al. 03b] 61
Twelve Years of NIPS [Blei et al. 03b] 62
Capturing Topic Structures: Correlated Topic Model (CTM) [Blei & Lafferty 05] 63
Sample Result of CTM 64
65 Outline 1.Background -Text Mining (TM) -Statistical Language Models 2.Basic Topic Models -Probabilistic Latent Semantic Analysis (PLSA) -Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) -Applications of Basic Topic Models to Text Mining 3.Advanced Topic Models -Capturing Topic Structures -Contextualized Topic Models -Supervised Topic Models 4.Summary We are here
Contextual Topic Mining Documents are often associated with context (meta- data) –Direct context: time, location, source, authors,… –Indirect context: events, policies, … Many applications require “contextual text analysis”: –Discovering topics from text in a context-sensitive way –Analyzing variations of topics over different contexts –Revealing interesting patterns (e.g., topic evolution, topic variations, topic communities) 66
Example: Comparing News Articles Common Themes“Vietnam” specific“Afghan” specific“Iraq” specific United nations ……… Death of people ……… … ……… Vietnam WarAfghan War Iraq War CNNFox Blog Before 9/11During Iraq war Current US blogEuropean blog Others What’s in common? What’s unique? 67
More Contextual Analysis Questions What positive/negative aspects did people say about X (e.g., a person, an event)? Trends? How does an opinion/topic evolve over time? What are emerging research topics in computer science? What topics are fading away? How can we mine topics from literature to characterize the expertise of a researcher? How can we characterize the content exchanges on a social network? … 68
Document context: Time = July 2005 Location = Texas Author = xxx Occup. = Sociologist Age Group = 45+ … Contextual Probabilistic Latent Semantics Analysis [Mei & Zhai 06b] View1View2View3 Themes government donation New Orleans government 0.3 response donate 0.1 relief 0.05 help city 0.2 new 0.1 orleans TexasJuly 2005 sociolo gist Theme coverages: Texas July 2005 document …… Choose a view Choose a Coverage government donate new Draw a word from i response aid help Orleans Criticism of government response to the hurricane primarily consisted of criticism of its response to … The total shut-in oil production from the Gulf of Mexico … approximately 24% of the annual production and the shut-in gas production … Over seventy countries pledged monetary donations or other assistance. … Choose a theme 69
Comparing News Articles [Zhai et al. 04] Iraq War (30 articles) vs. Afghan War (26 articles) Cluster 1Cluster 2Cluster 3 Common Theme united nations 0.04 … killed month deaths … … Iraq Theme n 0.03 Weapons Inspections … troops hoon sanches … … Afghan Theme Northern 0.04 alliance 0.04 kabul 0.03 taleban aid 0.02 … taleban rumsfeld 0.02 hotel front … … The common theme indicates that “United Nations” is involved in both wars Collection-specific themes indicate different roles of “United Nations” in the two wars 70
71 Spatiotemporal Patterns in Blog Articles [Mei et al. 06a] Query= “Hurricane Katrina” Topics in the results: Spatiotemporal patterns
Theme Life Cycles (“Hurricane Katrina”) city orleans new louisiana flood evacuate storm … price oil gas increase product fuel company … Oil Price New Orleans 72
Theme Snapshots (“Hurricane Katrina”) Week4: The theme is again strong along the east coast and the Gulf of Mexico Week3: The theme distributes more uniformly over the states Week2: The discussion moves towards the north and west Week5: The theme fades out in most states Week1: The theme is the strongest along the Gulf of Mexico 73
74 Multi-Faceted Sentiment Summary [Mei et al. 07a] (query=“Da Vinci Code”) NeutralPositiveNegative Facet 1: Movie... Ron Howards selection of Tom Hanks to play Robert Langdon. Tom Hanks stars in the movie,who can be mad at that? But the movie might get delayed, and even killed off if he loses. Directed by: Ron Howard Writing credits: Akiva Goldsman... Tom Hanks, who is my favorite movie star act the leading role. protesting... will lose your faith by... watching the movie. After watching the movie I went online and some research on... Anybody is interested in it?... so sick of people making such a big deal about a FICTION book and movie. Facet 2: Book I remembered when i first read the book, I finished the book in two days. Awesome book.... so sick of people making such a big deal about a FICTION book and movie. I’m reading “Da Vinci Code” now. … So still a good book to past time. This controversy book cause lots conflict in west society.
Separate Theme Sentiment Dynamics “book” “religious beliefs” 75
Event Impact Analysis: IR Research [Mei & Zhai 06b] vector concept extend model space boolean function feedback … xml model collect judgment rank subtopic … probabilist model logic ir boolean algebra estimate weight … model language estimate parameter distribution probable smooth markov likelihood … 1998 Publication of the paper “A language modeling approach to information retrieval” Starting of the TREC conferences year 1992 term relevance weight feedback independence model frequent probabilistic document … Theme: retrieval models SIGIR papers 76
The Author-Topic model [Rosen-Zvi et al. 04] NdNd D zizi wiwi (a) (j) (a) Dirichlet( ) z i Discrete( (xi) ) (j) Dirichlet( ) w i Discrete( (zi) ) T xixi A x i Uniform(A (d) ) each author has a distribution over topics the author of each word is chosen uniformly at random 77
Four example topics from NIPS 78
Dirichlet-multinomial Regression (DMR) [Mimno & McCallum 08] 79 Allows arbitrary features to be used to influence choice of topics
Supervised LDA [Blei & McAuliffe 07] 80
Sample Results of Supervised LDA 81
Latent Aspect Rating Analysis [Wang et al. 11] Given a set of review articles about a topic with overall ratings (ratings as “supervision signals”) Output –Major aspects commented on in the reviews –Ratings on each aspect –Relative weights placed on different aspects by reviewers Many applications –Opinion-based entity ranking –Aspect-level opinion summarization –Reviewer preference analysis –Personalized recommendation of products –… 82
How to infer aspect ratings? Value Location Service ….. How to infer aspect weights? Value Location Service ….. 83 An Example of LARA
Excellent location in walking distance to Tiananmen Square and shopping streets. That’s the best part of this hotel! The rooms are getting really old. Bathroom was nasty. The fixtures were falling off, lots of cracks and everything looked dirty. I don’t think it worth the price. Service was the most disappointing part, especially the door men. this is not how you treat guests, this is not hospitality. A Unified Generative Model for LARA 84 Aspects location amazing walk anywhere terrible front-desk smile unhelpful room dirty appointed smelly Location Room Service Aspect Rating Aspect Weight Entity Review
Latent Aspect Rating Analysis Model [Wang et al. 11] Unified framework 85 Excellent location in walking distance to Tiananmen Square and shopping streets. That’s the best part of this hotel! The rooms are getting really old. Bathroom was nasty. The fixtures were falling off, lots of cracks and everything looked dirty. I don’t think it worth the price. Service was the most disappointing part, especially the door men. this is not how you treat guests, this is not hospitality. Rating prediction moduleAspect modeling module
Aspect Identification Amazon reviews: no guidance 86 battery life accessoryservice file formatvolumevideo
Network Supervised Topic Modeling [Mei et al. 08] Probabilistic topic modeling as an optimization problem (e.g., PLSA/LDA: Maximum Likelihood): Regularized objective function with network constrains –Topic distribution are smoothed over adjacent vertices Flexibility in selecting topic models and regularizers 87
Instantiation: NetPLSA Basic Assumption: Neighbors have similar topic distribution PLSA Graph Harmonic Regularizer, Generalization of [Zhu ’03], importance (weight) of an edge tradeoff topic distribution of a document difference of topic distributio n 88
Topical Communities with PLSA Topic 1Topic 2Topic 3Topic 4 term 0.02 peer 0.02 visual 0.02 interface 0.02 question 0.02 patterns 0.01 analog 0.02 towards 0.02 protein 0.01 mining 0.01 neurons 0.02 browsing 0.02 training 0.01 clusters 0.01 vlsi 0.01 xml 0.01 weighting 0.01 stream 0.01 motion 0.01 generation 0.01 multiple 0.01 frequent 0.01 chip 0.01 design 0.01 recognition 0.01 e 0.01 natural 0.01 engine 0.01 relations 0.01 page 0.01 cortex 0.01 service 0.01 library 0.01 gene 0.01 spike 0.01 social 0.01 ? ? ? ? Noisy community assignment 89
Topical Communities with NetPLSA Topic 1Topic 2Topic 3Topic 4 retrieval 0.13 mining 0.11 neural 0.06 web 0.05 information 0.05 data 0.06 learning 0.02 services 0.03 document 0.03 discovery 0.03 networks 0.02 semantic 0.03 query 0.03 databases 0.02 recognition 0.02 services 0.03 text 0.03 rules 0.02 analog 0.01 peer 0.02 search 0.03 association 0.02 vlsi 0.01 ontologies 0.02 evaluation 0.02 patterns 0.02 neurons 0.01 rdf 0.02 user 0.02 frequent 0.01 gaussian 0.01 management 0.01 relevance 0.02 streams 0.01 network 0.01 ontology 0.01 Information Retrieval Data mining Machine learning Web Coherent community assignment 90
91 Outline 1.General Idea of Topic Models 2.Basic Topic Models -Probabilistic Latent Semantic Analysis (PLSA) -Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) -Applications of Basic Topic Models to Text Mining 3.Advanced Topic Models -Capturing Topic Structures -Contextualized Topic Models -Supervised Topic Models 4.Summary We are here
Summary Statistical Topic Models (STMs) are a new family of language models, especially useful for –Discovering latent topics in text –Analyzing latent structures and patterns of topics –Extensible for joint modeling and analysis of text and associated non-textual data PLSA & LDA are two basic topic models that tend to function similarly, with LDA better as a generative model Many different models have been proposed with probably many more to come Many demonstrated applications in multiple domains and many more to come 92
Summary (cont.) However, all topic models suffer from the problem of multiple local maxima –Make it hard/impossible to reproduce research results –Make it hard/impossible to interpret results in real applications Complex models can’t scale up to handle large amounts of text data –Collapsed Gibbs sampling is efficient, but only working for conjugate priors –Variational EM needs to be derived in a model-specific way –Parallel algorithms are promising Many challenges remain…. 93
94 Challenges and Future Directions Challenge 1: How can we quantitatively evaluate the benefit of topic models for text mining? –Currently, most quantitative evaluation is based on perplexity which doesn’t reflect the actual utility of a topic model for text mining –Need to separately evaluate the quality of both topic word distributions and topic coverage –Need to consider multiple aspects of a topic (e.g., coherent?, meaningful?) and define appropriate measures –Need to compare topic models with alternative approaches to solving the same text mining problem (e.g., traditional IR methods, non-negative matrix factorization) –Need to create standard test collections
Challenge 2: How can we help users interpret a topic? –Most of the time, a topic is manually labeled in a research paper; this is insufficient for real applications –Automatic labeling can help, but the utility still needs to evaluated –Need to generate a summary for a topic to enable a user to navigate into text documents to better understand a topic –Need to facilitate post-processing of discovered topics (e.g., ranking, comparison) 95
96 Challenges and Future Directions (cont.) Challenge 3: How can we address the problem of multiple local maxima? –All topic models have the problem of multiple local maxima, causing problems with reproducing results –Need to compute the variance of a discovered topic –Need to define and report the confidence interval for a topic Challenge 4: How can we develop efficient estimation/inference algorithms for sophisticated models? –How can we leverage a user’s knowledge to speed up inferences for topic models? –Need to develop parallel estimation/inference algorithms
97 Challenges and Future Directions (cont.) Challenge 5: How can we incorporate linguistic knowledge into topic models? –Most current topic models are purely statistical – Some progress has been made to incorporate linguistic knowledge (e.g., [Griffiths et al. 04, Wallach 08]) –More needs to be done Challenge 6: How can we incorporate domain knowledge and preferences from an analyst into a topic model to support complex text mining tasks? –Current models are mostly pre-specified with little flexibility for an analyst to “steer” the analysis process –Need to develop a general analysis framework to enable an analyst to use multiple topic models together to perform complex text mining tasks
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