Instructor: Dema Alorini Database Fundamentals IS 422 Section: 7|1

 Understand the basics of databases.  Recognize the role of databases in different organizations.  Recognize the types database models.  Use one of the real world database management systems.  Build database structure.  Present logical solutions for solving different problems.  Demonstrate basic knowledge of the database structure. Database Fundamentals IS 422 Section: 7|1

 Database: set of data (information) that is organized so it can be easily accessed, managed, and updated.  Data: a collection of facts  Database includes data with different tables  tables contains columns called fields and rows called records  data dements to be stored in each record. Database Fundamentals IS 422 Section: 7|1

 Query: Retrieve the transcript ( a list of all courses and grades) of Smith.  Update: Create a new section for the database course for this semester. Database Fundamentals IS 422 Section: 7|1

 Definition: collection of programs that enables users to create and maintain a database.  Examples: - Oracle  (the hardest) - Microsoft SQL (Structured Query Language) Server - IBM DB2 Database Fundamentals IS 422 Section: 7|1

 SELECT student_number FROM grade_report Results: Student_Number 17 8 Database Fundamentals IS 422 Section: 7|1

 Keep data consistent  Easy Access to data  Easy data retrieval: using simple queries and reports example: search for student name, list students with grades above 90, etc  Modify data: insert, delete, update content  Multiple User Interfaces  Restrict authorized access  Storage for data  Represent complex relationships among data  Control Redundancy  Backup and restore data Database Fundamentals IS 422 Section: 7|1

A field that is repeated in two or more tables.

 Main costs of using a DBMS: - High initial investment in hardware, software, training and possible need for additional hardware. - Overhead for providing generality, security, recovery, integrity, and concurrency control. - Generality that a DBMS provides for defining and processing data.  When a DBMS may be unnecessary: - If the database and applications are simple, well defined, and not expected to change. - If there are stringent real-time requirements that may not be met because of DBMS overhead. - If access to data by multiple users is not required. Database Fundamentals IS 422 Section: 7|1

 The DBMS software together with the data itself. Database Fundamentals IS 422 Section: 7|1

 Mini- world example: Part of a UNIVERSITY environment.  Data (entities):  - STUDENTs  - COURSEs  - SECTIONs (of COURSEs)  - (academic) DEPARTMENTs  - INSTRUCTORs  Relationships among data:  - SECTIONs are of specific COURSEs  - STUDENTs take SECTIONs  - COURSEs have prerequisite COURSEs  - INSTRUCTORs teach SECTIONs  - COURSEs are offered by DEPARTMENTs  - STUDENTs major in DEPARTMENTs

Database Fundamentals IS 422 Section: 7|1

 Structure of the record STUDENT ( Name, Number, Class, Major) COURSE ( Name, Number, Credit, Dept.)  Data type of data element Name: a string of characters Number: integer Grade: {A,B,C,D,F,I} Database Fundamentals IS 422 Section: 7|1

 Database Administrators(DBAs): Responsible for managing the database system, authorizing access, coordinating & monitoring uses, acquiring resources.  Database designers are responsible for identifying the data to be stored in the database and for choosing appropriate structures to represent and store this data.  End Users: The persons that use the database for querying, updating, generating reports, etc. Database Fundamentals IS 422 Section: 7|1

 Define a database?  In a database columns are called  In a database rows are called ……  Database system is …….. Together with ….  Users of database are 1. ………. 2. ………. 3. ……….  List 3 advantages of using DBMS? Database Fundamentals IS 422 Section: 7|1

 T/F 1. A field that is repeated in two or more tables is called data redundancy ( ) 2. End users are responsible for choosing structures to represent data( ) 3. The main goal of using database is to organize information in a way that it can be easily accesses ( ) 4. DBMS provide multiple interfaces ( ) 5. Queries are used to manipulate data in database ( ) 6. A database design may be based on existing data ( ) Database Fundamentals IS 422 Section: 7|1