Finance Chapter 4 The financial environment: markets, institutions, & interest rates
Financial environment Financial environment Financial markets Financial institutions Tax & regulatory policies State of the economy
Types of financial markets Physical asset vs. financial asset markets E.g., wheat vs. bonds Spot markets – “on-the-spot” delivery Futures markets – agreement to buy/sell an asset at some future date Money markets – loan/borrow funds < 1 year Capital markets – loan/borrow funds > 1 year Primary markets – selling new securities Secondary markets – securities trading by investors after issuance by corporations
Types of financial markets Initial public offering (IPO) market – where firms “go public” by offering shares to the public Private markets – transaction between 2 parties Public markets – standardized contracts are traded on organized exchanges
Major market instruments See Table 4-1, pages U.S. Treasury bills U.S. Treasury notes & bonds Money market funds Consumer credit loans Mortgages Corporate bonds Leases Preferred stocks Common stocks
Derivatives Any financial asset (contract) whose value is derived from the value of some other underlying asset Uses: Speculate (anticipating an increased return) Hedge (reduce risk)
Transfers of capital Direct transfers Transfers through investment banking houses Transfers through financial intermediaries which create new securities Stock markets Physical location (NYSE) Electronic (NASDAQ and over-the-counter market) Capital is allocated through a price system Lenders receive “rent” (interest) Investors receive dividends & capital gains
Cost of money Fundamental factors affecting the cost of money: 1. Production opportunities – returns from investments in cash-generating assets 2. Time preferences for consumption – preference of consumers for current vs. future consumption (savings) 3. Risk of low or negative return 4. Inflation – the amount prices increase over time
Cost of money Risk-free rate of interest, k RF The real risk-free rate, k*, plus an inflation premium, IP k RF = k* + IP The nominal (quoted) interest rate also includes default risk (DRP), liquidity (LP), & maturity risk (MRP) k RF = k* + IP + DRP + LP + MRP Effecting the cost of money: The real rate and inflation change over time Central bank money supply management International currency flows
Cost of money Effecting the cost of money: The real rate and inflation change over time Central bank money supply management & International currency flows also lead to interest rate changes Because interest rate levels are difficult to predict, sound financial policy calls for using a mix of short- and long-term debt