Antiagregaciona terapija u kardiovaskularnim bolestima Doc. dr. Nebojša Tasić Institut za Kardiovaskularne bolesti “Dedinje” Medicinski fakultet Beograd.

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Presentation transcript:

Antiagregaciona terapija u kardiovaskularnim bolestima Doc. dr. Nebojša Tasić Institut za Kardiovaskularne bolesti “Dedinje” Medicinski fakultet Beograd

x PAR = protease-activated receptor; TP = thromboxane A 2 / prostaglandin H 2. Storey RF. Curr Pharm Des. 2006;12: Ciljevi inhibicije trombocita 10 Thrombin Thromboxane A 2 5HT P2Y 12 ADP 5HT PLATELET ACTIVATION P2Y 1 5HT 2A PAR1 PAR4 Dense granule Thrombin generation Shape change  IIb  3   3 Fibrinogen  IIb  3 Aggregation Amplification Alpha granule Coagulation factors Inflammatory mediators TP  Coagulation GPVI Collagen ATP P2X 1 ASPIRIN x TICLOPIDINE CLOPIDOGREL PRASUGREL ACTIVE METABOLITE x AZD6140 CANGRELOR GP IIb/IIIa ANTAGONISTS xx SCH E5555 x TERUTROBAN x HEPARINS FONDAPARINUX BIVALIRUDIN RIVAROXABAN APIXABAN DABIGATRAN

Antitrombocitna terapija u KVB

Klopidogrel u kardiovaskularnim bolestima Primena klopidogrela u KVB –Šlog –NSTEMI/ACS –STEMI –PCI: BMS/DES Rizik: benefit profil

COX=cyclo-oxygenase CLOPIDOGREL ASA COX ADP C GPllb/llla (fibrinogen receptor) Collagen thrombin TXA 2 Activation TXA 2 Mehanizam delovanja klopidogrela 1. Jarvis B et al. Drugs 2000; 60: 347–377.

CAPRIE study Lancet 1996, 348: N = 19,185, multicentre double-blind trial Clopidogrel reduces the risk of death/MI/stroke in patients with previous MI, stroke or PVD by RRR 8.7% compared to high-dose aspirin For every 1000 patients treated 5 combined end points would be prevented NNT 200 patients A/E: diarrhoea, rash Increased cost to NHS £200,000 Super aspirin will save your life

Ringleb, P. A. et al. Stroke 2004;35:

Florijan,Vršac 65-godine, muškarac65-godine, muškarac Jak bol u grudima dok je muzao kraveJak bol u grudima dok je muzao krave Nema dijabetes, Otac umro od IM u 48 godini, Bivši pušač (prestao <12 meseci)Nema dijabetes, Otac umro od IM u 48 godini, Bivši pušač (prestao <12 meseci) BP 160/90 mmHgBP 160/90 mmHg Hitna pomoć stigla za 50min od poziva Bolnica: troponin T 8,1, CK 350, CK-MB 45 O2, NTG, aspirin, ACE, Mo

Kako lečiti Florijana ? Fibrinoliza? Primarna PCI?

Nakon 3 sata jak bol

Ruptura/erozija plaka Ruptura/erozija plaka Adhezija trombocita Aktivacija trombocita Parcijalna okluzija/tromboza arterija & nestabilna angina Mikroembolizacija & MI sa non-ST elevacijom Potpuna okluzija arterija/tromboza & ST elevacija MI Patogeneza Akutnog Koronarnog Sindroma Adapted from Davies MJ. Circulation. 1990; 82 (supl II):

CK- MB ili Troponin Troponin povišen ili ne Adapted from Michael Davies ACS bez perzistentne ACS bez perzistentne ST-segment elevacije ST-segment elevacije ACS sa perzistentnom ACS sa perzistentnom ST-segment elevacijom ST-segment elevacijom

SYNERGYLMWHESSENCE CUREClopidogrel Bleeding risk Ischemic risk GP IIb/IIIa blockers PRISM-PLUS PURSUIT ACUITY TACTICS TIMI-18 Early invasive PCI ~ 5% stents ~85% stents Drug-eluting stents ISAR-REACT 2 Prekretnice u lečenju ACS OASIS-5 [ Fondaparinux ] Anti-Thrombin Rx Anti-Platelet Rx Treatment Strategy Heparin Aspirin Conservative ICTUSBivalirudin REPLACE 2 Adapted from and with the courtesy of Steven Manoukian, MD

ASPIRIN VS PLACEBO ESC guidelines for the management of NSTE-ACS. Eur Heart J 2007; 28: 1598–660.

KOJA DOZA ASPIRINA? ATT Colaborators. B Med J 2002; 96: 123– mg mg mg <75 mg Bilo koja doza RR 19% 26% 32% 13% 23% Aspirin bolji Kontrola bolja

The CURE Study Investigators. Eur Heart J 2000; 21: 2033–41. Duplo-slepo lečenje do 12 meseci ASA 75–325 mg o.d. Clopidogrel 75mg o.d. (n = 6,259) Placebo 1 tab o.d. (n = 6,303) ASA 75–325 mg o.d. Dan 1 Poseta 6. mesec Poseta 9. mesec Poseta 12. mesec finalna Clopidogrel 300mg udarna doza Poseta 3. mesec Vizita na otpustu Poseta 1. mesec Pacijenti sa akutnim koronarnim sindromom (nestabilna angina ili non-Q infarkt miokarda) Placebo udarna doza R = Randomizacija n = 12, zemalja R CURE - DIZAJN STUDIJE

CURE - REZULTATI Placebo* (n = 6,303) Clopidogrel* (n = 6,259) 20% relativna redukcija rizika p = Kumulativni događaji (Infarkt miokarda, šlog, ili kardiovaskulrna smrt) The CURE Study Investigators. Eur Heart J 2000; 21: 2033–41.

Događaj Značajno krvarenje 1 Životno ugrožavajuće Druga velika krvarenja Transfuzije više od  2 jedinice krvi 1 Minorna krvarenja 1 Značajna krvarenja po TIMI definiciji 2 Značajna krvarenja po GUSTO definiciji 3 Placebo* (n = 6,303) Clopidogrel* (n = 6,259) p vrednost 2.7% 1.8% 0.9% 2.2% 2.4% 1.2% 1.1% 3.7% 2.2% 1.5% 2.8% 5.1% 1.1% 1.2% NS < CURE – HEMORAGIJA The CURE Study Investigators. Eur Heart J 2000; 21: 2033–41.

0.0% 1.0% 2.0% 3.0% 4.0% 5.0% 6.0% Stopa krvarenja (%) 2.0% 2.6% 2.3% 3.5% 4.0% 4.9% ASA doza 75–325 mg 100–200 mg> 200 mg 100 mg Placebo* Clopidogrel* HEMORAGIJA VS DOZA ASA The CURE Study Investigators. Eur Heart J 2000; 21: 2033–41.

ESC PREPORUKE ZA LEČENJE NSTEMI  ASA svim bolesnicima bez kontraindiakcija ( mg udarno, mg odrzavanje)  Klopidogrel - udarna doza 300 mg po  Doza održavanja 75 mg po  Nastaviti 12 meseci od indeksnog događaja ukoliko je rizik krvarenja mali  ASA svim bolesnicima bez kontraindiakcija ( mg udarno, mg odrzavanje)  Klopidogrel - udarna doza 300 mg po  Doza održavanja 75 mg po  Nastaviti 12 meseci od indeksnog događaja ukoliko je rizik krvarenja mali

ALBION – DA LI JE 300MG DOVOLJNO n=35 Clopidogrel 300 mg LD zatim 75 mg qd Randomizovana, otvorena studija sa slepom centralizovanom laboratorijskom procenom kod pacijenata od 18  85 godina sa UA/NSTEMI (unutar 48 h) Kliničko praćenje 30 dana R Clopidogrel 600 mg LD zatim 75 mg qd Clopidogrel 900 mg LD zatim 75 mg qd n=34 D /2 LD Montalescot G. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 48: 931–38.

ALBION - INHIBICIJA TROMBOCITA Montalescot G. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 48: 931–38.

ALBION – POVEĆANJE TROPONINA I p=ns Montalescot G. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 48: 931–38.

ALBION – UČESTALOST MACE 300 mg n = mg n = mg n = 34 Smrt Nefatalan IM Neplanirana PCI Hospitalizacija zbog angine UKUPNO – n (%)4 (11.4)2 (5.9)0 Montalescot G. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 48: 931–38.

ALBION – UČESTALOST KRVARENJA 300 mg n = mg n = mg n = 34 Krvarenje dan 1 - otpust (n)  Teško  Umereno  Blago UKUPNO Montalescot G. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 48: 931–38.

Mogućnosti transporta bolesnika sa STEMI i početnog reperfuzionog lečenja EMS Transport Onset of symptoms of STEMI 9-1-1EMSDispatch EMS on-scene Encourage 12-lead ECGsEncourage 12-lead ECGs Consider prehospital fibrinolytic if capable and EMS-to-needle within 30 minConsider prehospital fibrinolytic if capable and EMS-to-needle within 30 min GOALS PCIcapable Not PCI capable Hospital fibrinolysis: Door-to-Needle < 30 min EMS Triage Plan Inter- Hospital Transfer Golden Hour = first 60 minutes Total ischemic time: within 120 min. PatientEMS Prehospital fibrinolysis EMS-to-needle < 30 min EMS transport EMS-to-balloon < 90 min Patient self-transport Hospital door-to-balloon < 90 min. Dispatch 1 min. 5 min 8 min JACC 44: 671,2004 Circulation 110: 588,2004

Lečenje Rana terapija Reperfuzija: što je pre moguće –Trombolitička terapija –Primarna PCI –Hitna CABG Refraktorna ishemija Kardiogeni šok Koronarna vaskulatura nije pogodna za PCI ili procedura nije uspela Akutne mehanićke komplikacije AMI (ruptura papilarnog mišića, VSD, ruptura zida LK)

Primarna PCI Sa iskusnim timom (vrata-do-balona vreme <90minuta), superiorna u odnosu na fibrinolitičku terapiju Brza procena funkcije LK Procena drugih bolesnih krvnih sudova

“Spašavajuća” PCI –PCI procedura koja se sprovodi kod bolesnika bez adekvatnog odgovora na trombolizu (50% ST segment rezolucija) –Nema adekvatnih podataka o sniženju mortaliteta ili naknadnog MI

Frequency (%) Dugotrajni ishod kod bolesnika lečenih sa primarnom PCI ili trombolitičkom terapijom DeathDeath, excl. SHOCK data Non-fatal MI Recurrent ischaemia Death, non- fatal re-MI, or stroke Keeley Lancet 2003;361:13 p=0.0019p=0.0053p<0.0001

Lečenje AKS Anti-ishemijsko lečenje Antitrombocitni lekovi Antikoagulansi Revaskularizacija/Reperfuzija/Tromboliza Dugotrajno lečenje/sekundarna prevencija

Antitrombocitna terapija Od jednostavne situacije –Aspirin plus nefrakcionisani heparin Do složenijih situacija –Dualna antiagregaciona terapija (aspirin+clopidogrel) –GP IIb/IIIa inhibitori –Četiri različita antikoagulasa (UFH, LMWH, Fondaparinux, Bivalirudin)

Klopidogrel – tienopyridin izbora doza? pre-lečenje? Trajanje lečenja? doza? pre-lečenje? Trajanje lečenja?

CLASSICS - clopidogrel vs. ticlopidin posle koronarnog stentinga Circulation 2000;102:624 Safety (major bleed, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, early drug discontinuation) Safety (major bleed, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, early drug discontinuation) Efficacy (Cardiac death, MI, TVR) Efficacy (Cardiac death, MI, TVR) P=0.005 NS

PCI-CURE: Dizajn studije R PCIPCI PLACEBO + ASA + ASA CLOPIDOGREL + ASA 30 d. post PCI* Praćenje (do 12 mes. nakon rand.) Praćenje (do 12 mes. nakon rand.) Otvoreni protokol-tienopiridin Pretreatment Otvoreni protokol tienopiridin Pretreatment N=2,658 patients undergoing PCI N = 1345 N = 1313 CUREPCI-CURE *1 o Ishod:CV smrt, MI, urgentna revaskularizacija Mehta SR et al. Lancet 2001:358:527-33

Primarni ishod: KV smrt, IM, hitna revaskularizacija Mehta SR et al. Lancet 2001:358:527-33

KV smrt, IM: Od PCI do kraja perioda praćenja Mehta SR et al. Lancet 2001:358:527-33

Hemoragijske komplikacije Placebo N=1362 Clopidogrel N=1362 RRP Od PCI do 30 dana Velika1.4%1.6% Životno ugrož. 0.7%0.7% Mala 0.7%1.0% Od PCI do follow-up Velika2.5%2.7% Životno ugrož. 1.3%1.2% Mala 2.1%3.5% Mehta SR et al. Lancet 2001:358:527-33

CREDO: Dizajn studije CREDO: Dizajn studije Clopidogrel Arm Placebo Arm PCI 28 Dana Placebo # Pretretman LD Clopidogrel # Clopidogrel # LD=loading doza, PT= Pretretman, R= Randomizcija # pored standardne terapije uključujući ASA (325 mg) pored standardne terapije uključujući ASA ( mg) R Clopidogrel * Placebo * 12 Meseci JAMA, November 20, 2002 – Vol 288, No 19: 2411 – 2420

Dugoročna korist clopidogrela kod PCI pacijenata 27% RRR p = % (IM, Šlog, ili Smrt) 1 godišnji rezultati * Standardna terapij uključujući ASA JAMA, November 20, 2002 – Vol 288, No 19: 2411 – 2420

Rani efekti udarne doze clopidogrela pre PCI (pretretman) Rani efekti udarne doze clopidogrela pre PCI (pretretman) 18.5 % RRR p = 0.23 * Od PCI do 28. dana, standardna terapija uključujući ASA (325mg od randomizacije do 28. dana) PT= Pretretman DANI OD RANDOMIZACIJE (Smrt, IM, UrgTVR) PT- Clopidogrel* KOMBINOVANI ISHOD DOGAĐAJA (%) No-PT * 6.8% 8.3% JAMA, November 20, 2002 – Vol 288, No 19: 2411 – 2420

Ukupni bezbednosni ishodi Nisu opservirana fatalna krvarenja ili intrakranijalne hemoragije Kada je clopidogrel davan čitavu godinu nije bilo statistički značajnog porasta u velikim krvarenjima (8.8% vs. 6.7 %, p=0.07), i stope malih krvarenja su bile približno jednake Približno 2/3 svih velikih krvarenja se dogodio kod pacijenata podvrgnutih CABG: –CABG bolesnici u obe grupe su iskusili visoku incidencu velikih krvarenja JAMA, November 20, 2002 – Vol 288, No 19: 2411 – 2420

Clopidogrel loading doza – više je bolje? Müller Heart 2001;85;92-3 Time after administration (hours) µmol ADP-induced platelet aggregation (%) 20µmol ADP-induced platelet aggregation (%) Ticlopidine 2x 500mg, then 250 bd (n=10) Clopidogrel 300mg, then 75mg od (n=10) Clopidogrel 600mg, then 75mg bd (n=10)

PCI-CLARITY Dizajn studije 30-day clinical follow-up 933 underwent PCI during index hosp. 930 underwent PCI during index hosp Patients Randomized into CLARITY-TIMI assigned clopidogrel 300 mg  75 mg/d 1739assigned placebo Open-label clopidogrel w/ loading dose recommended (CLOPIDOGREL PRETREATMENT) (NO PRETREATMENT) A n g i o g r a p h y

KV Smrt, MI, ili Šlog posle PCI Days post PCI Percentage with outcome (%) No Pretreatment – 6.2% Clopidogrel – 3.6% Pretreatment 46%46% Odds Ratio 0.54 (95% CI ) P=0.008 Odds Ratio 0.54 (95% CI ) P=0.008 Sabatine MS et al. JAMA 2005;294:

Clopidogrel No TrialPretreatmentPretreatment PCI-CURE CREDOn/an/a PCI-CLARITY Overall ClopidogrelNo TrialPretreatmentPretreatment PCI-CURE CREDO PCI-CLARITY Overall Meta-Analiza davanja Klopidogrela pre lečenja OR (95% CI) CV Death or MI after PCI (%) MI before PCI (%) OR 0.67 P=0.005 P=0.005 Favors Pretreatment Favors No Pretreatment OR 0.71 P=0.004 P=0.004 Sabatine MS et al. JAMA 2005;294:

BASKET LATE: Late Thrombotic Events Following Clopidogrel Discontinuation

Doze istovremeno primenjenih antiagregacionih lekova ESC STEMI Guidelines, EHJ 2008;29: , table 9, page 11/37

“Klopidogrel rezistenca”  Definicija  Klinička nastanak trombotičkih događaja i pored lekova  Laboratorijska testovi funkcije trombocita  Da li postoji  Klinička rezistenca retka (5-10%)  Laboratorijska rezistenva česta (do 50%)  Nije u potpunosti jasna povezanost kliničke i laboratorijske rezistence i da li postoji Presented at

“Moj pacijent ima osip 3 dana posle uvođenja klopidogrela” Klopidogrel može biti udružen sa reakcijom hipersenzitivnosti najčešće u formi osipa Retko se javlja prvih nekoliko dana terapije Najčešći ralog ovog osipa je primena kontrasta tokom angiografije i /ili PCI

Preporuke lečenja osipa Preporučiti pacijentu da nastavi uzimanje klopidogrela najmanje još nedelju dana Lečiti osip kratkotrajnim davanjem antihistamina Prepočiti bolesniku kontrolu za sedam dana ili ranije ako se razviju drugi simptomi hipersenzitivnosti kao što je otežano disanje, otok lica itd Ne prekidati terapiju bez konsultacije sa kardiologom: VISOK rizik od tromboze stenta.

“Moj pacijent ima osip i posle tri nedelje uzimanja klopidogrela” Najverovatnije je uzrok klopidogrel ako nije bilo drugih izmena u lečenju(uvođenje drugog leka) Proveriti dužinu lečenja sa klopidogrelom Ako je manje od mesec dana dati antihistaminike i nastaviti davanje klopidogrela Ako je više od mesec dana kontaktirati kardiologa radi alternativne terapije

Klopidogrel u preporukama StanjeUdruzenjePreporukeStepen UA/ NSTEMI ACC/AHA mg upstream in INV strategy 300 mg upstream + GPI in INV 300 mg ASAP in CONS strategy I IIa I ESC mg immediately in all patients I STEMI (non 1  PCI) ACC/AHA mg in all patients 300 mg load if age <75 yrs I IIa PCI ACC/AHA/ SCAI mg  6 hrs before PCI I ESC mg  6 hrs before PCI I