Open Access: What it can do for science and scholarship Alma Swan Key Perspectives Ltd Truro, UK

The Role Of The Scientific Journal: First, to place before the general public the grand results of Scientific work and Scientific discovery; and to urge the claims of Science to a more general recognition in Education and daily life. Secondly, to aid scientific men themselves, by giving early information of all advances made in any branch of natural knowledge throughout the world, and by affording them an opportunity of discussing the various scientific questions that arise from time to time. Nature, 4 November 1869 Key Perspectives Ltd

At a time when the journal has become the primary vehicle for communicating research results …. libraries are finding it difficult to maintain, let alone expand, their journal collections …. …. It is becoming increasingly clear that the current scientific communication process is not working in the best interests of the scientific community, nor in the best interests of society as a whole. Stephen Pinfield, 2005 Deputy Chief Information Officer and Director of Teaching & Learning Resources and Information Resources, University of Nottingham Key Perspectives Ltd

What has happened in the last 130 years? The number of scientific research journals has grown, and grown, and grown… Journal prices have risen - much faster than inflation. Since 1986: The UK retail price index has risen 70% Journal prices have risen 291% Key Perspectives Ltd

One result … The Men of Science do not have access to all the scientific literature they need to enable science to progress as efficiently and effectively as possible Key Perspectives Ltd

Old paradigms Using proxy measures of an individual scholars merit It is a journals responsibility to disseminate your work Printed article is the format of record Other scholars have time to search out what you want them to know Key Perspectives Ltd

New paradigms Rich, deep, broad metrics for measuring the contributions of individual scholars Effective dissemination of your work is now in your hands (at last) The digital format will be the format of record (is already in many areas) Unless you routinely publish in Nature or Science, getting it out there is up to you Key Perspectives Ltd

Just funding the research is a job only part done. A fundamental part of [our] mission is to ensure the widest possible dissemination and unrestricted access to that research. Robert Terry Senior Policy Advisor, Wellcome Trust Key Perspectives Ltd

What Open Access is about Freely available Publicly available Permanently available Key Perspectives Ltd

The World Wide Web has enabled Open Access to science Not constrained by the limitations of print on paper Available to any individual with Internet access, worldwide With proper arrangements in place, availability is permanent Key Perspectives Ltd

What Open Access is not about NOT vanity publishing or self- publishing NOT about non-peer-reviewed literature NOT about publications that scholars expect to be paid for (e.g. books) Key Perspectives Ltd

Why researchers publish their work Key Perspectives Ltd

Open Access? A much better term to use is Open Dissemination Key Perspectives Ltd

Who benefits from Open Access? Scholars – as authors Scholars – as readers Scholars – as teachers Universities Research funders Taxpayers and society at large Publishers Key Perspectives Ltd

Open Access increases citations Key Perspectives Ltd Range = 50%-200% (Data from Stevan Harnad and co-workers)

Open access increases citations (further studies) Lawrence 2001 (computer science) Kurtz 2004 (astronomy) Brody & Harnad 2004 (all disciplines) Antelman 2005 (philosophy, politics, electrical & electronic engineering, mathematics) Key Perspectives Ltd

Self-archiving in the PhilSci Archive has given instant world-wide visibility to my work. As a result, I was invited to submit papers to refereed international conferences/journals and got them accepted. Key Perspectives Ltd An authors own testimony on open access visibility

Two ways to provide Open Access Publish in an Open Access journal (see Deposit copies of published articles in an Open Access repository (self-archiving) Key Perspectives Ltd

Open Access journals New Open Access publishers BioMedCentral Public Library of Science c2000 Open Access journals in existence Traditional publishers offering a hybrid publishing model Key Perspectives Ltd

Self-archiving Subject-centred repositories (e.g. arXiv) Institutional repositories Subject coverage reflects institution Interoperable (Open Archives Initiative- compliant) Global interlinked network – a worldwide database of research Key Perspectives Ltd

Open Access repositories 600+ worldwide 25 in Sweden Key Perspectives Ltd

CERN preprint archive Key Perspectives Ltd

How are the authors responding? 24% have submitted an article to an Open Access journal (49% intend to) 22% have deposited an article in an Open Access institutional repository 15% have deposited an article in a subject-based Open Access repository Key Perspectives Ltd

An institutional repository provides researchers with: Secure storage (for completed work and for work-in-progress) Key Perspectives Ltd

An author said… Key Perspectives Ltd This is a very handy way to keep all of ones work together and findable, which helps me as much as anyone else.

An institutional repository provides researchers with: Secure storage (for completed work and for work-in-progress) A location for supporting data that are unpublished, and other digital objects Key Perspectives Ltd

An institutional repository provides researchers with: Secure storage (for completed work and for work-in-progress) A location for supporting data that are unpublished One-input-many outputs (CVs, publications) Key Perspectives Ltd

What discourages self-archiving? I worry about copyright infringement Key Perspectives Ltd

Publisher permissions (by journal) Key Perspectives Ltd

Publisher permissions 92% of journals permit self-archiving SHERPA/RoMEO list at: Or at: Key Perspectives Ltd

What discourages self-archiving? I worry about copyright infringement It will be too difficult Key Perspectives Ltd

What discourages self-archiving? I worry about copyright infringement It will be too difficult It will take too long Key Perspectives Ltd

What can encourage self-archiving? Highlighting the increased visibility and impact Requiring authors to self-archive Key Perspectives Ltd

Author readiness to comply with a mandate 81% 14% 5% Key Perspectives Ltd

Institutions with a mandate already University of Southampton School of Electronics & Computer Science (since 2003) (90+% compliance already) CERN (2003) (90% compliance already) University of Southampton (2004) Queensland University of Technology (2004) (40%+ compliance and growing) University of Minho, Portugal (2005) Key Perspectives Ltd

Wellcome Trust: Worlds largest private funder of biomedical (and allied) research Spends c£400 million per annum Key Perspectives Ltd

Just funding the research is a job only part done. A fundamental part of [our] mission is to ensure the widest possible dissemination and unrestricted access to that research. Robert Terry Senior Policy Advisor, Wellcome Trust Key Perspectives Ltd

Wellcome Trust Issued a Position Statement on Open and Unrestricted Access to Published Research Amended its Grant Conditions accordingly Effective 1 October 2005 Key Perspectives Ltd

The Wellcome Trust policy on OA Requires self-archiving of articles Will pay publication fees for publishing in open access journals (1-2% of Wellcomes total research expenditure) Key Perspectives Ltd

Publisher reaction? Key Perspectives Ltd

Thank you for listening Key Perspectives Ltd