Pharos Univ. ME 259 Fluid Mechanics Static Forces on Inclined and Curved Surfaces
Main Topics The Basic Equations of Fluid Statics Pressure Variation in a Static Fluid Hydrostatic Force on Submerged Surfaces Buoyancy
The Basic Equations of Fluid Statics Body Force
The Basic Equations of Fluid Statics Surface Force
The Basic Equations of Fluid Statics Surface Force
The Basic Equations of Fluid Statics Surface Force
The Basic Equations of Fluid Statics Total Force
The Basic Equations of Fluid Statics Newton’s Second Law
The Basic Equations of Fluid Statics Pressure-Height Relation
2.3.1 Pressure and head In a liquid with a free surface the pressure at any depth h measured from the free surface can be found by applying equation (2.3) to the figure. From equation (2.3): P 1 – P 2 = g (y a -y) But y a -y = h, and P 2 = P atm (atmospheric pressure since it is at free surface). Thus, P 1 – P atm = gh or P 1 = P atm + gh (abs) (2.4) or in terms of gauge pressure (P atm = 0),: P 1 = gh = h (2.5) h P1P1 P 2 = P atm y yaya Free surface
Pressure Variation in a Static Fluid Incompressible Fluid: Manometers
Pressure Variation in a Static Fluid Compressible Fluid: Ideal Gas Need additional information, e.g., T(z) for atmosphere
Differential Manometer The liquids in manometer will rise or fall as the pressure at either end changes. P 1 = P A + 1 ga P 2 = P B + 1 g(b-h) + man gh P 1 = P 2 (same level) P A + 1 ga = P B + 1 g(b-h) + man gh or P A - P B = 1 g(b-h) + man gh - 1 ga P A - P B = 1 g(b-a) + gh( man - 1 ) Figure 2.13: Differential manometer
Hydrostatic Force on Submerged Surfaces Plane Submerged Surface
Center of Pressure Line of action of resultant force F R =P C A lies underneath where the pressure is higher. Location of Center of Pressure is determined by the moment. I xx,C is tabulated for simple geometries.
Hydrostatic Force on Submerged Surfaces Plane Submerged Surface We can find F R, and y´ and x´, by integrating, or …
Hydrostatic Force on Submerged Surfaces Plane Submerged Surface Algebraic Equations – Total Pressure Force
Hydrostatic Force on Submerged Surfaces Plane Submerged Surface Algebraic Equations – Net Pressure Force
Table 2.1 Second Moments of Area GG h b G G h h/3 G d G Rectangle Triangle d 4 /64 d 2 /4 Circle bh 3 /36bh/2 bh 3 /12bh IgIg Area Shape G G h h/3 G h G b G G d b
A 6-m deep tank contains 4 m of water and 2-m of oil as shown in the diagram below. Determine the pressure at point A and at the tank bottom. Draw the pressure diag. Pressure at oil water interface (P A ) P A = P atm + P oil (due to 2 m of oil) = 0 + oil gh oil = x 1000 x 9.81 x 2 = Pa PA = 15.7 kPa (gauge) Pressure at the bottom of the tank; P B = P A + water gh water P B = 15.7x x 9.81 x 4 = Pa P B = 54.9 kPa (gauge) water = 1000 kg/m 3 SG of oil = 0.98 P atm = 0 4 m 2 m PAPA P A =15.7 kPa B A oil water P B = 54.9 kPA Pressure Diagram
Hydrostatic Force on Submerged Surfaces Curved Submerged Surface
Hydrostatic Force on Submerged Surfaces Curved Submerged Surface Horizontal Force = Equivalent Vertical Plane Force Vertical Force = Weight of Fluid Directly Above (+ Free Surface Pressure Force)
Hydrostatic Forces on Curved Surfaces F R on a curved surface is more involved since it requires integration of the pressure forces that change direction along the surface. Easiest approach: determine horizontal and vertical components F H and F V separately.
Forces on Curved Surfaces h1h1 h2h2
Submerged Curved Surface Resultant force:Horizontal and vertical components Horizontal component: F H = s*w*(h + s/2), Where, h = Depth to the top of rectangle (beginning of curve surface) s = projected rectangle height w = projected rectangle length or width Center of pressure h p = h C + I C /(h C A) h C = h + s/2 Vertical Component F V = Volume A*w Where, A = entire area of fluid w = projected rectangle length or width
Hydrostatic Buoyant Force Archimedes’ principle When a body is submerged or floating, the resultant force by the fluid is called the buoyancy force. This buoyancy force is acting vertically upward The buoyancy force is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by body. The buoyancy force acts at the centroid of the displaced volume of fluid. A floating body displaces a volume of fluid whose weight - body weight For equilibrium: + ΣF y = 0 F b – W = 0 or F b = W Therefore we can write ; F b = weight of fluid displaced by the body Or F b = W = mg = g Where F b = buoyant force = displaced volume of fluid W = weight of fluid W = mg F b = W GBGB GBGB W = mg Volume of displaced fluid
Buoyancy
For example, for a hot air balloon
Buoyancy and Stability Buoyancy is due to the fluid displaced by a body. F B = f gV. Archimedes principal : The buoyant force = Weight of the fluid displaced by the body, and it acts through the centroid of the displaced volume.
Buoyancy and Stability Buoyancy force F B is equal only to the displaced volume f gV displaced. Three scenarios possible body < fluid : Floating body body = fluid : Neutrally buoyant body > fluid : Sinking body
Stability of Immersed Bodies Rotational stability of immersed bodies depends upon relative location of center of gravity G and center of buoyancy B. G below B: stable G above B: unstable G coincides with B: neutrally stable.
Stability of Floating Bodies If body is bottom heavy (G lower than B), it is always stable. Floating bodies can be stable when G is higher than B due to shift in location of center buoyancy and creation of restoring moment. Measure of stability is the metacentric height GM. If GM>1, ship is stable.