Origins of Drama Forms of Drama Tragedy Comedy Dramatic Structure Setting the Stage Dramatic Elements Characters Onstage Your Turn Feature Menu What Are the Elements of Drama?

A drama is a story enacted by actors on a stage for a live audience. Origins of Drama

written around the fifth century B.C. Origins The word drama comes from the Greek verb dran, which means “to do.” The earliest known plays were produced for festivals to honor Dionysus, the god of wine and fertility Origins of Drama [End of Section]

There are two main forms of classical drama: tragedy and comedy. Forms of Drama

A tragedy is a play that ends unhappily. Tragedies pit human limitations against the larger forces of destiny. right and wrong justice and injustice life and death Most classic Greek tragedies deal with serious, universal themes such as Forms of Drama

The protagonist of most classical tragedies is a tragic hero. This hero is noble and in many ways admirable has a tragic flaw, a personal failing that leads to a tragic end rebelliousness jealousy pride Forms of Drama

The foil is the character who is used to contrast another character—usually the tragic hero. The foil is often an antagonist who displays a characteristic that is opposite of the hero. courage cowardice Forms of Drama

A comedy is a play that ends happily. The plot usually centers on a romantic conflict. boy meets girl boy loses girl boy wins girl Modern comedies Forms of Drama

Modern Comedies In modern comedies, the genders in this romantic plot pattern sometimes are reversed. Forms of Drama

The main characters in a comedy could be anyone: nobilityservantstownspeople Forms of Drama

Comic complications always occur before the conflict is resolved. In most cases, the play ends with a wedding. Forms of Drama [End of Section]

Quick Check Does this play sound like a comedy or a tragedy? How can you tell? MABEL CHILTERN. How horrid you have been! You have never talked to me the whole evening! LORD GORING. How could I? You went away with the child-diplomatist. MABEL CHILTERN. You might have followed us. Pursuit would have been only polite. I don't think I like you at all this evening! LORD GORING. I like you immensely. from An Ideal Husband by Oscar Wilde Forms of Drama

It is a comedy because the characters’ misunderstanding sounds comical. Quick Check MABEL CHILTERN. How horrid you have been! You have never talked to me the whole evening! LORD GORING. How could I? You went away with the child-diplomatist. MABEL CHILTERN. You might have followed us. Pursuit would have been only polite. I don't think I like you at all this evening! LORD GORING. I like you immensely. from An Ideal Husband by Oscar Wilde Forms of Drama Does this play sound like a comedy or a tragedy? How can you tell?

A modern play usually is about ordinary people may be tragedy, comedy, or a mixture usually focuses on personal issues Dramatic Structure

Like the plot of a story, the plot of a play involves characters who face a problem or conflict. Climax point of highest tension; action determines how the conflict will be resolved Resolution conflict is resolved; play ends Complications tension builds Exposition protagonist and conflict are introduced Dramatic Structure

Conflict is a struggle or clash between opposing characters or forces. A conflict may develop between characters who want different things or the same thing between a character and his or her circumstances within a character who is torn by competing desires Dramatic Structure

In an external conflict, characters struggle against something or someone outside themselves. Internal conflicts happen inside a character’s mind. Dramatic Structure [End of Section]

Dramatic Structure Quick Check The brilliant yellowy-green skin and its great size made me certain it was a green mamba, a creature almost as deadly as the black mamba, and for a few seconds I was so startled and dumbfounded and horrified that I froze to the spot. Then I pulled myself together and ran round to the back of the house shouting, “Mr. Fuller! Mr. Fuller!” “The Green Mamba” What is the conflict? Is it an external or internal conflict?

Dramatic Structure Quick Check The narrator has seen a poisonous snake. He must take action in this external conflict. The brilliant yellowy-green skin and its great size made me certain it was a green mamba, a creature almost as deadly as the black mamba, and for a few seconds I was so startled and dumbfounded and horrified that I froze to the spot. Then I pulled myself together and ran round to the back of the house shouting, “Mr. Fuller! Mr. Fuller!” “The Green Mamba” What is the conflict? Is it an external or internal conflict?

Stages can have many different sizes and layouts. “Thrust” stage Stages in Shakespeare’s time The stage extends into the viewing area. The audience surrounds the stage on three sides. Setting the Stage

Stages in Shakespeare’s time were thrust stages. Setting the Stage

“In the round” stage is surrounded by an audience on all sides. Setting the Stage

Proscenium stage The playing area extends behind an opening called a “proscenium arch.” The audience sits on one side looking into the action. upstage downstage stage leftstage right Setting the Stage

Scene design transforms a bare stage into the world of the play. Scene design consists of props sets costumes lighting Setting the Stage

A stage’s set might be realistic and detailed abstract and minimal Setting the Stage

A lighting director skillfully uses light to change the mood and appearance of the set. Setting the Stage

The costume director works with the director to design the actors’ costumes. Like sets, costumes can be detailed minimal Setting the Stage

Props (short for properties) are items that the characters carry or handle onstage. [End of Section] The person in charge of props must make sure that the right props are available to the actors at the right moments. Setting the Stage

What stage, lighting, and props do you imagine when you read this setting? Quick Check [The headlights of a car suddenly illuminate CHARLEY against the wall. CHARLEY is leaning against the lamp post, in a very casual attitude, looking as dapper as usual. TERRY and EDIE run to him. The car drives off. From On the Waterfront: The Final Shooting Script by Budd Schulberg. Copyright © 1980 by Budd Schulberg. Reproduced by permission of Miriam Altshuler Literary Agency on behalf of Budd Schulberg. Setting the Stage

The stage setting might be minimal— with moody lighting and a street scene that features a lamp post and car as props. Quick Check Setting the Stage [The headlights of a car suddenly illuminate CHARLEY against the wall. CHARLEY is leaning against the lamp post, in a very casual attitude, looking as dapper as usual. TERRY and EDIE run to him. The car drives off. From On the Waterfront: The Final Shooting Script by Budd Schulberg. Copyright © 1980 by Budd Schulberg. Reproduced by permission of Miriam Altshuler Literary Agency on behalf of Budd Schulberg. What stage, lighting, and props do you imagine when you read this setting?

When you read a play, remember that it is meant to be performed for an audience. Stage Directions Playwright describes setting and characters’ actions and manner. [Wyona is sitting on the couch. She sees Paul and jumps to her feet.] Wyona. [Angrily.] What do you want? Performance Theater artists bring the playwright’s vision to life on the stage.Theater artists The audience responds to the play and shares the experience. Dramatic Elements

lighting technicians directors Theater artists include stage crew actors Dramatic Elements

Modern playwrights often experiment with unconventional plot structures. [End of Section] long flashbacks music visual projections of a character’s private thoughts Dramatic Elements

The characters’ speech may take any of the following forms. Dialogue: conversations of characters onstage Monologue: long speech given by one character to others Soliloquy: speech by a character alone onstage to himself or herself or to the audience Asides: remarks made to the audience or to one character; the other characters onstage do not hear an aside Characters Onstage

What are the stage directions in this passage? What does the characters’ dialogue tell you about them? Quick Check LIZA. No: I dont want no gold and no diamonds. I'm a good girl, I am. [She sits down again, with an attempt at dignity]. HIGGINS. You shall remain so, Eliza, under the care of Mrs. Pearce. And you shall marry an officer in the Guards, with a beautiful moustache: the son of a marquis, who will disinherit him for marrying you, but will relent when he sees your beauty and goodness— from Pygmalion by Bernard Shaw [End of Section] Characters Onstage

LIZA. No: I dont want no gold and no diamonds. I'm a good girl, I am. [She sits down again, with an attempt at dignity]. HIGGINS. You shall remain so, Eliza, under the care of Mrs. Pearce. And you shall marry an officer in the Guards, with a beautiful moustache: the son of a marquis, who will disinherit him for marrying you, but will relent when he sees your beauty and goodness— from Pygmalion by Bernard Shaw Quick Check What are the stage directions in this passage? Characters Onstage

Liza is young and uneducated but has self- respect; Higgins is older, formal, and wry. What does the characters’ dialogue tell you about them? Quick Check LIZA. No: I dont want no gold and no diamonds. I'm a good girl, I am. [She sits down again, with an attempt at dignity]. HIGGINS. You shall remain so, Eliza, under the care of Mrs. Pearce. And you shall marry an officer in the Guards, with a beautiful moustache: the son of a marquis, who will disinherit him for marrying you, but will relent when he sees your beauty and goodness— from Pygmalion by Bernard Shaw Characters Onstage

Analyze Drama 1.Name at least two differences between comedy and tragedy. 2.How might “fatal flaws” affect a character’s ability to make wise or informed choices? 3.Think of a movie. Who is the protagonist? Who is the antagonist? What is the conflict, and how is it resolved? 4.Consider all of the theater jobs involved in putting on a play. Which do you think you would like to have? Why? Your Turn What Are the Elements of Drama?

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