LATIN AMERICAN STUDIES APRIL 7, 2011

BLACKBOARD CONFIGURATION Do Now: What do you think it means to “institutionalize” the revolution? Objectives: 1.To discuss the end of the Mexican Revolution 2.To finish and discuss Viva Zapata! 3.To set up the muralism movement in the 1920s Homework: Progress report presentation due Wednesday, 4/13

ENDING THE REVOLUTION SPRING TRIMESTER, UNIT 1: MEXICAN REVOLUTION

REVIEW 1.Who were the major figures in the Revolution? Where were they from? 2.Why did the Revolution begin? When did it begin? 3.What was the coalition government? Who was involved? 4.What was the significance of the Constitution of 1917?

RECAP Constitution of 1917 set the stage for a new liberal government Carranza assumed presidency in : Zapata killed and Villa suppressed

1919: END OF CARRANZA Issue of election in 1919 Carranza tried to impose Ignacio Bonillas Obregon led an uprising against Carranza Carranza fled, and was assassinated by one of his guards Obregon became president

OBREGON Need for reconstruction! Government’s policies Launched ambitious rural education campaign Bet heavily on CROM for labor Cautious with land distribution Pancho Villa killed in 1923

OBREGON Two main contributions by government to stability of Revolution: 1.Achieved an understanding with the U.S. regarding treatment of oil firms (in return for diplomatic recognition) 2.Transferred power peacefully to his successor for the first time since 1880

NEW PRESIDENT: CALLES Opposition to new system from the cristeros “Christers” Obregon reelected in 1928, but assassinated; Calles took power again Creation of a new party: Partido Nacional Revolucionario (PNR) Subsequent presidents—Calles stayed in power behind the scenes

LAZARO CARDENAS Elected president in 1934 Made good on revolutionary promises Redistribution of land to peasantry Ejidos Schools, hospitals, and financing Issues faced agricultural production fell disorganization on many communal units insufficient organization into markets support services didn’t materialize

LAZARO CARDENAS Reorganized party structure 1938: PNR  Partido de la Revolucion Mexicana (PRM) 4 functional groups: 1.Agricultural sector 2.Labor sector 3.Military sector 4.“Popular” sector

LAZARO CARDENAS Radical line with U.S.: Wage disputes between Mexican workers and U.S. oil firms Mexican supreme court  workers won Foreign companies disregarded  expropriated by Cardenas (Article 27 of 1917 Constitution) Paid companies and set up PEMEX

U.S. RESPONSE TO PEMEX 30 years  U.S. enforced world boycott vs. PEMEX Obstructed development by blacklisting

PATTERN OF SUCCESSION Pattern repeated since 1940 Endless speculation, mostly ill-informed, over likely nominee Effort to maintain revolution  PRM continued to evolve Sustain Cardenas’ policies Huge opposition from the Right (wealthy sector) and from United States

MURALISM: A CULTURAL PERSPECTIVE Rural education campaign led by Jose Vasconcelos Vasconcelos celebrated triumph of the “Cosmic Race” Commissioned muralists to paint in public buildings Scenes of Mexican history and the revolution Example: : Rivera painted walls of Ministry of Public Education Big 3 muralists Diego Rivera Jose Clemente Orozco David Alfaro Siqueiros

HOMEWORK Progress presentation due Wednesday, 4/13 What you need to do: 1.Share your topic with your classmates 2.Give your classmates some background/context information 3.Explain why you think your topic is significant in its context You do not need to make a powerpoint if you don’t want to; the presentation needs to last about 5 minutes This will be a quiz grade