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ASTRONOMY Jovian PLANETS

OBJECTIVES By the end of this presentation, students will be able to compare the similarities between the Jovial planets; contrast the differences between the Jovial planets; list four physical features of each Jovial planet.

The Jovian Planets PL

JUPITER The largest planet

JUPITER Distance: million miles Revolution: yrs. Rotation: 9 hrs min. Radius: 44,360 miles Volume: 1328×Earth Mass: 318×Earth Density: 1.33 g/cm 3

JUPITER Escape Velocity: 37.0 mi/s Surface Temp.: ave. 158ºF Moons: 67 – Io, Europa, Callisto, Ganymede, etc. Atmos.: 87% H 2, 13% He with three cloud layers totaling 600 miles thick.

JUPITER Features: Has no solid surface. Its surface is an ocean of liquid H2 about 15,000 miles thick. The Great Red Spot is a large swirling region of phosphine (PH4). It rises about 24 mile above the surrounding atmosphere. Winds around 350 mph are common.

Io

Europa

Callisto

Ganymede

SATURN The Ringed planet

SATURN Distance: 1,427 million miles Revolution: years Rotation: 10 hrs 14 min Radius: 37,300 miles Volume: 752×Earth Mass: 95.2×Earth Density: 0.7 g/cm 3

SATURN Escape Velocity: 22.1 mi/s Surface Temp.: ave 122ºF Moons: 63 – Titan, Dione, Rhea, Mimas, Tethys, etc. Atmos.: Similar to Jupiter

SATURN Features: Winds topping 450 mph are common. Large swirling region similar to Jupiter’s Great Red Spot, but this is white. Ring system is extremely complex, stretching from 3000 to 300,000 miles wide and up to 1 mile thick.

SATURN Features: Saturn’s moon Titan is the largest in the solar system and has an atmosphere. Moons Janus and Epithemius interchange orbits.

Titan

URANUS The Rolling planet

Distance: 2,870 million miles Revolution: 84 years Rotation: 17 hr 14 min Radius: 15,800 miles Volume: 64×Earth Mass: 14.5×Earth Density: 1.3 g/cm 3 URANUS

Escape Velocity: 13.1 mi/s Surface Temp.: const -355ºF Moons: 27 – Titania, Miranda, etc. Atmos.: 88% H 2, 12% He. Thick cloud layer of ammonia deep in the atmosphere URANUS

Features: Axial inclination is 97.9°. Due to an ammonia haze, the clouds and other atmospheric features are obscured from normal vision.

NEPTUNE The Blue Giant

NEPTUNE Distance: 2,790 million miles Revolution: years Rotation: 16 hrs 3 min Radius: 15,100 miles Volume: 54×Earth Mass: 17.2×Earth Density: 1.8 g/cm 3

NEPTUNE Escape Velocity: 15.3 mi/s Surface Temp.: const -353ºF Moons: 14 - Triton, Nereid, etc. Atmos.: Similar to Uranus’ but without the ammonia layer.

NEPTUNE Features: Identical structure to Uranus, but without as thick of a haze. The Great Dark Spot is an anticyclone of high pressure that bubbles up through the methane atmosphere. Its companions S1 and Scooter are high altitude cirrus clouds of crystalline ammonia.

PL PLUTO The First Dwarf Planet

PLUTO Distance: 3,666 million miles Revolution: years Rotation: 6.39 days - retro Radius: 721 miles Volume: 0.01×Earth Mass: 0.002×Earth Density: 2 g/cm 3

PLUTO Escape Velocity: 0.6 mi/s Surface Temp.: ave. -370ºF Moons: 5 – Charon, Styx, Nix, Keberos, Hydra Atmos.: Maybe none; maybe very thin - similar to Triton’s.

PLUTO Features: Rocky core with a crust of frozen methane. Since its moon, Charon, is close to the same size, and orbital proximity, they could be considered a double planet.

Ceres Eris Haumea Makemake Sedna Xena Quaoar Other Dwarf Planets include:

Asteroids Minor Planets

1; Vesta - brightest, third largest. 2; Pallas - second brightest. 3; Ceres - third brightest, largest (567 mi dia.). Pholus - farthest from the sun ( 1,881 mill. mi) Eros - closest to the sun Geographos - closest approach to earth is 3 million miles. Asteroid is 2.4 mi in dia Aten - orbit is most similar to Earth’s 4147,4148,4149, the fab four. Asteroids - the minor planets.

951 Gaspra

Ida and Dactyl

Exoplanets Planets orbiting other stars

ASTRONOMY Jovian PLANETS