Metal Forming Advantages:  Low metal expense  High productivity  High accuracy of sizes and quality of the surface  Improvement of structure and increase in mechanical characteristics of metal

Metal Forming Classification Types of metal forming Fabrication of shapes Fabrication of billets and machine parts Rolling Drawing Forging Hot Cold Pressing die forging sheet-metal stamping

Physical Grounds of Metal Forming Elastic Plastic Fracture deformation

Physical Grounds of Metal Forming  Laws of plastic deformation 1. The law of conservation of volume

Physical Grounds of Metal Forming  Laws of plastic deformation 2. The law of the least resistance 3. The law of shear stress

Physical Grounds of Metal Forming  Heating of billets: Chamber furnace Continuous furnace Electric contact (а) and induction (b) heaters: 1 – billet, 2 – inductor, 3 – copper contact