 The Bohr model was proposed:  1913  by Neils Bohr  After observing the H line emission spectrum

 Why did Bohr study hydrogen?  Simplest atom – only has one electron  The electrons of the gas are easily excited by a current

 1. How are the electrons moving?  As particles with a definite circular path 2. Where are they located? - In rings, or orbitals, around the nucleus 3. How much energy do they have? - The energy of an electron can be calculated

 E = x (Z 2 /n 2 )  Z= atomic number  N= ring number or energy level  Calculations of energy change for transitions:   E = E final – E initial   E = x J (Z 2 /n f 2 – Z 2 /n i 2 )

 Electrons closer to the nucleus have LOWER energy values. At higher energy levels, the energy is HIGHER

 Each orbit is an energy level designated by the variable n.  n = 1 is the ground state.  n = ∞ is when the electron has been removed from the atom.  Energy is quantized, meaning there are no levels in between the levels designated by n = 1, 2, 3, 4, etc.

 When atoms are excited by an outside energy source heat, flame, or electric current, the electrons can be promoted to higher energy states.  However, this situation is highly unstable and the electron will eventually return to a lower energy state. When the electron returns to a lower energy level, energy is given off in the form of quanta (light), also known as a photon of light.  How do we represent this electron transition in our model?

 Using a spectroscope, Bohr noticed that hydrogen gave off a spectrum rather than a continuous spectrum (rainbow) when excited.  He calculated the energy associated with each transition based on the wavelength of light given off. Each energy value corresponded to a certain electron transition from an excited state back to the n=2 energy level.

Wavelength of light observed (nm) Frequency of light (/ sec) Energy of light (Joule) N initial (excited state) N final (lower energy level) 410. nm7.32 x x nm6.91 x X nm6.17 x X nm4.57 x X

 Hydrogen produces lines in the visible, ultraviolet, and infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum  Each set of spectral lines has a name:  Balmer series  Lyman series  Paschen series