Medication errors and patient safety Vic Vernenkar, D.O. Department of Surgery St. Barnabas Hospital
Quality in Healthcare Begins with ensuring patient safety
Patient safety Freedom from injury or illness resulting from the processes of healthcare
Healthcare errors Top worry of patient!
Healthcare errors Failure to diagnose / incorrect diagnosis Failure to utilise or act on diagnostic tests Inappropriate use or outmoded diagnostic tests / treatments Failure to monitor or provide follow-up Wrong site surgery, medication errors Transfusion mistakes
Healthcare errors Nosocomial infections Patients falls Pressure sores Phlebitis associated with intravenous lines Restraint related strangulation Preventable suicides Failure to provide prophylaxis
How big is the problem? USA errors by HCWs affect about 3-4% patients errors by HCWs affect about 3-4% patients mean of 7% ADEsmean of 7% ADEs >7,000 ADE deaths / year>7,000 ADE deaths / year 2 million nosocomial infections / year2 million nosocomial infections / year average ICU patient experiences almost 2 errors per dayaverage ICU patient experiences almost 2 errors per day each year, 44, ,000 deaths due to medical errors each year, 44, ,000 deaths due to medical errors annual cost of medical errors: US$29 billion annual cost of medical errors: US$29 billion
Medication errors Prescribing errors Administration errors includes failure to monitor drug levels and side effects of treatment includes failure to monitor drug levels and side effects of treatment
Medication errors Rate of 3.99 per 1000 medication orders (Albany, NY, USA) a third had potential to cause adverse events a third had potential to cause adverse events Common factors failure to take account of declining renal/hepatic function failure to take account of declining renal/hepatic function failure to check for possible allergic responses failure to check for possible allergic responses using wrong drug name or means of administration using wrong drug name or means of administration miscalculation of dosage miscalculation of dosage prescribing an unusual critical frequency of dose prescribing an unusual critical frequency of dose Lesar et al. Factors related to medication errors. JAMA 1997; 277: 312-7
Why did it happen? Technology e.g. infusion pumps Many care-givers High acuity of illness / injury Environment prone to distraction Time-pressured, need to make quick decisions High volume, unpredictable patient load
Key reasons Patients are more at risk than non-patients Medical interventions are, by their nature, high-risk procedures - small error margins Medicine remains an inexact, hands-on endeavour
Errors are inevitable ………….but most are preventable
Facts Often it is the best people who make the worst errors About 90% of errors are not culpable But some people knowingly adopt behaviors more likely to produce error - substance abuse, long working hours
Organisational accident model Organisational and corporate culture Contributory factors influencing clinical practice TaskDefence barriers Accident or incident Management decisions and organisational processes Error producing conditions Violation producing conditions Errors Violations James T Reason
Process review and change
Whose job is it? - Risk Manager?
Lessons from past Problems often formally recognised when there is a major incident Methodologies for organisational analysis not well developed Short-term corrective action not well sustained Problems in dealing with aftermath of service failure - grievance of victims and their families
Failure in standard of care Detect Analyse Take corrective action Sustain corrective action Deal with consequences Prevent similar problem Cycle of prevention
Recommendations Leadership priority Clear organisational commitment to patient safety (infrastructure and resources) No-blame culture
Culture of safety Integrated pattern of behaviour Underlying philosophy and values Continuos search to minimise hazards and patient harm
Acknowledges high risk, error prone nature Widespread shared acceptance of responsibility for risk reduction Open communication about safety concerns, non-punitive environment Reporting of errors and safety concerns Culture of safety
Learns from errors Accountability for patient safety Organisational structure, processes, goals and rewards aligned with improving patient safety Culture of safety
Strategy 1: teams Implement known safe practices Design work so that it is easy to do it right and hard to do it wrong Reduce reliance on memory Less steps Constraints Protocols and checklists Clinical Pathways Care process models
Teams - lessons from the navy Members monitor each other’s performance and stepped in to to help out. TRUST was an implicit part of this. Giving and receiving feedback was norm for all team members. Understanding each other’s role is important part. Communication was made real: senders checked their messages were received as intended.
Teamwork and team leadership Good teams do not develop on their own organisational culture of welcoming openness and monitoring changes that result organisational culture of welcoming openness and monitoring changes that result Good team leadership is essential development is vital across organisation development is vital across organisation
Hospital team activities Improving information access hospital teams redesigned medication administration records hospital teams redesigned medication administration records Standardising and simplifying medication procedures teams worked on high risk and high error-potential drugs teams worked on high risk and high error-potential drugs Restricting physical access to potentially lethal drugs chemotherapy drugs, concentrated KCl, NaCl chemotherapy drugs, concentrated KCl, NaCl Educating clinical staff about medications to assess knowledge deficiencies, drug knowledge, awareness for potential for error to assess knowledge deficiencies, drug knowledge, awareness for potential for error Silver et al. Reducing medication errors in hospitals: a peer review organisation collaboration. J Qual Improvement 2000; 26:
Recognise effect of fatigue on performance Education and training for safety Teamwork Reduce known sources of confusion Strategy 2: education AwarenessEducation
Training and supervision Training in organisational aspects of care medical training focuses on diagnosis and management of individuals medical training focuses on diagnosis and management of individuals Training in skills of risk management understanding of inevitability of human error understanding of inevitability of human error factors associated with errors, mistakes and near misses factors associated with errors, mistakes and near misses appropriate checking behaviour, safe handover appropriate checking behaviour, safe handover team work team work
Strategy 3: accountability Acknowledge error Apologise Provide remedial care Conduct root cause analysis Fix system or process problems Risk management system Sentinel event team
Clinical incident reporting system Success depends on change in culture staff must be convinced of importance of patient safety staff must be convinced of importance of patient safety board has to agree on “no-blame” culture board has to agree on “no-blame” culture systematic and strategic approach to risk management systematic and strategic approach to risk management reporting system must produce reports that are timely and informative reporting system must produce reports that are timely and informative
Main Incident Page – Reporting Person
Risk Management System (RMS) Reporting Nurse Injured Staff Reporting Doctor Nurse ManagerFollow-up Doctor Head of Department / Division Chairman Assist. Director Nursing Dept Of Quality Management Infection Control (Sharp only) Fall Report CEO/CMB CMB / Administrator Sharp Report Doctor Management Sharp Report Supervisor / Manager Sharp Report Reporting Person Fall Report Pharmacy Manager Medication Error Report Medication Error Report Medication Error Report Sharp Report Sharp Report Sharp Report Fall Report Sharp Report
Risk Management System
Sentinel Event Team CEO CMB Administrator, Nursing Director, QM Administrator, Medical Board
Sentinel Event Team Incident reporting, complaints Category I SET discussion Appoints team to investigate
Root cause analysis Reviewing the process What happen? What happen? How did it happen? How did it happen? Why did it happen? Why did it happen? What can we do differently? What can we do differently?
MOH requirement Report within 7 days of knowing Submit full report within 60 days De-identify Objective: how can we improve what happen, how did it happen, why did it happen, can we do differently? what happen, how did it happen, why did it happen, can we do differently?
Impact “As evidence in support of the value of the changes made to our processes, we observed no further fatal ADEs…..” John Rex et al. Systematic root cause analysis of adverse drug events in a tertiary referral hospital. J Qual Improvement 2000; 26:
Key findings in IOM report: Key findings in IOM report: Errors occur because of system failures Preventing errors means designing safer systems of care To Err is Human.Institute of Medicine, 2000.Committee on Quality of Health Care in America.
IOM report Avoid reliance on memory Use constraints or forcing functions Avoid reliance on vigilance Simplify key processes Standardise work processes
Institutional practice C linical risk management system P lan P lan P rocess P rocess P eople P eople C ulture LEADERS LEADERS