45 Organization of the Nervous System, Basic Functions of Synapses, “Transmitter Substances” Dr. A.R. Jamshidi Fard 2011.

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45 Organization of the Nervous System, Basic Functions of Synapses, “Transmitter Substances” Dr. A.R. Jamshidi Fard 2011

The Central Nervous System CNS Brain Spinal cord ~

Peripheral Nervous System Somatic Nervous System - SNS Sensory & Motor Autonomic Nervous System - ANS Sympathetic Division Parasympathetic Division Cranial Nerves - 12 Pair Spinal Nerves - 31 Pair ~

A typical neuron

Action potentials in the squid giant axon

Electrical signals are propagated by voltage-dependent channels A threshold depolarisation causes adjacent sodium channels to open –Signals move along axons >>>> DOMINO The properties of single ion channels can be observed and manipulated using the patch-clamp method

Myelinated nerve cells have much faster rates of transmission Passive diffusion of Na+ ions triggers voltage-dependent gates at the next node of Ranvier

Simple circuits – the knee-jerk response REFLEXARCHREFLEXARCH

Central Nervous System Neuron: The Basic Functional Unit 1- Sensory Part of the Nervous System Sensory Receptors

3- Processing of Information— “Integrative” Function of the Nervous System 4- Storage of Information— Memory 2- Motor Part of the Nervous System Effectors

Major Levels of Central Nervous System Function First Neuron Order Second Neuron Order Third Neuron Order

Comparison of the Nervous System with a Computer

Types of Synapses: Chemical and Electrical Ca

“Second Messenger” System in the Postsynaptic Neuron

Inhibition 1. Opening of chloride ion channels through the postsynaptic neuronal membrane. 2. Increase in conductance of potassium ions out of the neuron. 3. Activation of receptor enzymes that inhibit cellular metabolic functions that increase the number of inhibitory synaptic receptors or decrease the number of excitatory receptors. Excitation 1.Opening of sodium channels 2.Depressed conduction through chloride or potassium channels, or both. 3. Various changes in the internal metabolism of the postsynaptic neuron to excite cell activity or,,,, increase the number of excitatory membrane receptors or decrease the number of inhibitory membrane receptors. IPSPs Or EPSPs

Small-Molecule, Rapidly Acting Transmitters Class I Acetylcholine Class II: The Amines Norepinephrine Epinephrine Dopamine Serotonin Histamine Class III: Amino Acids Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) Glycine Glutamate Aspartate Class IV Nitric oxide (NO) Neuropeptide, Slowly Acting Transmitters or Growth Factors Hypothalamic-releasing hormones Thyrotropin-releasing hormone Luteinizing hormone–releasing hormone Somatostatin (growth hormone inhibitory factor) Pituitary peptides Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) b-Endorphin a-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone Prolactin Luteinizing hormone Thyrotropin Growth hormone Vasopressin Oxytocin Peptides that act on gut and brain Leucine enkephalin Methionine enkephalin Substance P Gastrin Cholecystokinin Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) Nerve growth factor Brain-derived neurotropic factor Neurotensin Insulin Glucagon From other tissues Angiotensin II Bradykinin Carnosine Sleep peptides Calcitonin

“Spatial Summation”“Temporal Summation”

“Excitatory State”

Some Special Characteristics of Synaptic Transmission Fatigue of Synaptic Transmission. Effect of Acidosis or Alkalosis on Synaptic Transmission. Synaptic Delay. Effect of Hypoxia on Synaptic Transmission. Effect of Drugs on Synaptic Transmission.