Chemistry Periodic Table and Bohr-Rutherford Diagrams

Structure of the Atom

Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level The Structure of an Atom Nucleus – center of the atom –Home of Protons and Neutrons

Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level The Structure of an Atom –Proton Has a positive (+) charge Has a relative mass of 1 Determines the atomic number Found inside the nucleus

Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level The Structure of an Atom –Neutron Has no (0) charge Has a relative mass of 1 Determines the isotope –Isotopes are two of the same element with different masses Found inside the nucleus

Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level The Structure of an Atom –Electron Has a negative (-) charge Has a relative mass of 0 Determines the ion –Cation (+ ion) – Anion (- ion) Found outside the nucleus

Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level The Structure of an Atom Subatomic ParticleLocationRelative MassCharge Proton Neutron Electron

Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level The Structure of an Atom Subatomic ParticleLocationRelative MassCharge Proton Inside Nucleus 1+ Neutron Inside Nucleus 10 Electron Outside Nucleus 0-

Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level The Atom is Really, Really Small! Just How Small Is An Atom?

Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level The Periodic Table of Elements

Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level The Periodic Table of Elements The elements are arranged by increasing ATOMIC NUMBER!! The horizontal rows are called periods and are labeled from 1 to 7. The vertical columns are called groups are labeled from 1 to 18.

Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level Groups and Periods

Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level What’s in a square? Different periodic tables can include various bits of information, in different ways –atomic number –symbol –atomic mass –state of matter at room temperature. –number of valence electrons

Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level Atomic Number Refers to how many protons an atom of that element has. No two elements, have the same number of protons. If they did they would be the same atom

Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level Atomic Mass Refers to the “weight” of the atom. It is derived at by adding the number of protons with the number of neutrons.

Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level Atomic Mass and Isotopes While most atoms of an element have the same number of neutrons, some don’t. E.g. Some Lithium atoms can have 3 neutrons while other can have 4 Different number of neutrons means different atomic masses between isotopes

Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level Isotope formulas We write the symbol – mass (protons + neutrons) Hydrogen  H-1, H-2, H-3 Helium  He-3, He-4 Lithium  Li-6, Li-7

Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level Valence Electrons Valence electrons are the electrons in the outer energy level (orbit) of an atom. These are the electrons that are transferred or shared when atoms bond together. How many valence electrons an atom has greatly affects its reactivity

Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level Metals, Non-Metals and Metalloids Please color your own table to match the picture

Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level Properties of Periods and Groups Atomic Radius Sizes of the atoms (Atomic Radius) generally decrease as we move from left to right across a period

Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level Properties of Periods and Groups Electronegativity As you move from left to right across a period, the ability of the atom to attract another electron increases This property is called electronegativity

Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level Meet the Elements

Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level Take out your second periodic table and pencil crayons and follow along

Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level Families of the Periodic Table Hydrogen The hydrogen square sits atop Group 1, but it is not a member of that family. Hydrogen is in a class of its own. It’s a gas at room temperature. It has one proton and one electron in its one and only orbit.

Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level Families of the Periodic Table Alkali Metals The alkali family is found in the first column of the periodic table. Atoms of the alkali metals have a single electron in their outermost orbit, in other words, 1 valence electron. They are shiny, have the consistency of clay, and are easily cut with a knife. They are the most reactive metals. They react violently with water. Alkali metals are never found as free elements

Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level Families of the Periodic Table Alkaline Earth Metals They are never found uncombined in nature. They have two valence electrons. Alkaline earth metals include magnesium and calcium, among others.

Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level Families of the Periodic Table Transition Metals These are the metals you are probably most familiar: copper, tin, zinc, iron, nickel, gold, and silver. They are good conductors of heat and electricity.

Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level Families of the Periodic Table Halogen Family The elements in this family are fluorine, chlorine, bromine, iodine, and astatine. Halogens have 7 valence electrons, which explains why they are the most active non-metals. They are never found free in nature.

Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level Families of the Periodic Table Noble Gases Noble Gases are colorless gases that are extremely un- reactive because their outermost orbit is full. Because they do not readily combine with other elements to form compounds, the noble gases are called inert. The family of noble gases includes helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon. All the noble gases are found in small amounts in the earth's atmosphere.

Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level Families of the Periodic Table Rare Earth Elements The thirty rare earth elements are composed of the lanthanide and actinide series.

Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level Elemental Funkiness video

Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level The Bohr Model of the Atom An effective way to represent the first 20 elements Each electron orbit is shown as a ring around the nucleus The 1 st orbit will hold a maximum of 2 electrons The 2 nd orbit will hold a maximum of 8 electrons The 3 rd orbit will hold a maximum of 8 electrons

Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level Bohr-Rutherford Diagrams 1) Determine the number of electrons (= number of protons = atomic number) 2) Place electrons in their proper orbit (2, 8, 8) Ex/ He = 2 electrons Ne = 10 electrons K = 19 electrons

Click to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level What does it mean to be reactive? We will be describing elements according to their reactivity. Elements that are reactive bond easily with other elements to make compounds. What makes an element reactive? –An incomplete valence electron level (outer orbit). –All atoms (except hydrogen and helium) want to have 8 electrons in their very outermost energy level (this is called the rule of octet.) –Atoms bond until this level is complete. Atoms with few valence electrons lose them during bonding. Atoms with 6, 7, or 8 valence electrons gain electrons during bonding.