Principles of Zoology Chapter 1

Biology: the science that deals with the life processes and characteristics of plants and animals Botany: the branch of biology that deals with plants Zoology: the branch of biology that deals with animals (growth, structure or anatomy, nutrition, reproduction, and classification of animal species)

Classification of animals: Taxonomy: classifies organisms Kingdom: includes all animals Phylum (Chordata) Class (Aves, Mammalia, Reptilia) Order Family Genus Species (dog vs wolf)

Behaviors and Habitats: Find and consume food Obtain energy from food Grow physically Adapt to the environment Reproduce

Animal Nutrition and Digestion: 1. Simple stomachs: eat grains and meat to get high concentrations of nutrients 2.Ruminants: eat high fiber (grass, twigs, leaves) (Exp: deer, sheep, goats, antelope) 3. Birds: lack teeth, grind food in crop and gizzard

Animal Growth: Mitosis: Interphase: Prophase: 1 st stage in cell reproduction -the membrane around the nucleus disappears, and the chromosomes appear Chromatid: each half of the replicated chromosome Centromere: point where the chromatids are attached together

Metaphase: chromosomes pulled to the center by the centrioles -Spindles: fibers attached at the centromeres that connect the pairs of chromosomes together -Centrioles: where the spindle fibers attached to cell structures; these pull chromosomes to the center of the cell

Anaphase: chromatids are pulled apart by the spindles as the cell elongates -full set of chromosomes become evident Telophase: last phase of mitosis -Cell becomes constricted with a new cell membrane forming -the two share the cytoplasm equally

Animal Reproduction: Gametes: reproductive cells Meiosis: reproductive cell division Fertilization: process by which the male and female gametes join together in a single cell Zygote: first cell that is formed in the creation of a new individual