Myers EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY Module 14 Introduction to Sensation and Perception: Vision James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers
Sensation Sensation the process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energy Perception the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events
Sensation Our sensory and perceptual processes work together to help us sort out complex images
Sensation Bottom-Up Processing analysis that begins with the sense receptors and works up to the brain’s integration of sensory information Top-Down Processing information processing guided by higher-level mental processes as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experience and expectations
Sensation: Basic Principles Psychophysics study of the relationship between physical characteristics of stimuli and our psychological experience of them Light- brightness Sound- volume Pressure- weight Taste- sweetness
Sensation: Thresholds Absolute Threshold minimum stimulation needed to detect a particular stimulus 50% of the time Difference Threshold minimum difference between two stimuli required for detection 50% of the time just noticeable difference (JND)
Sensation: Thresholds Subliminal when stimuli are below one’s absolute threshold for conscious awareness LowAbsolute threshold Medium Intensity of stimulus Percentage of correct detections Subliminal stimuli
Sensation: Thresholds Weber’s Law to be perceived as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage (rather than a constant amount) light intensity- 8% weight- 2% tone frequency- 0.3%
Now you see it, now you don’t! Sensory Adaptation- diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation
Vision Transduction conversion of one form of energy to another in sensation, transforming of stimulus energies into neural impulses Wavelength the distance from the peak of one wave to the peak of the next
Vision Hue dimension of color determined by wavelength of light Intensity amount of energy in a wave determined by amplitude brightness loudness
The spectrum of electromagnetic energy
Vision: Physical Properties of Waves Short wavelength=high frequency (bluish colors, high-pitched sounds) Long wavelength=low frequency (reddish colors, low-pitched sounds) Great amplitude (bright colors, loud sounds) Small amplitude (dull colors, soft sounds)
Vision
Accommodation- the process by which the eye’s lens changes shape to help focus near or far objects on the retina Retina- the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information
Retina’s Reaction to Light- Receptors Rods peripheral retina receptors detect black, white and gray for peripheral or twilight conditions Cones receptors near center of retina fine detail and color vision for daylight or well-lit conditions
Retina’s Reaction to Light Optic nerve nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain Blind Spot point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a “blind spot” because there are no receptor cells located there
Vision: Receptors Receptors in the Human Eye ConesRods Number Location in retina Sensitivity in dim light Color sensitive?Yes Low Center 6 million No High Periphery 120 million
Pathways from the Eyes to the Visual Cortex
Visual Information Processing Feature Detectors nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features shape angle movement Stimulus Cell’s responses
Visual Information Processing Parallel Processing simultaneous processing of several aspects of a problem simultaneously
Visual Information Processing Trichromatic (three color) Theory Young and Helmholtz three different retinal color receptors red green blue
Visual Information Processing Opponent-Process Theory- opposing retinal processes enable color vision “ON”“OFF” red green green red blue yellow yellow blue black white white black
Visual Information Processing Color Constancy Perceiving familiar objects as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object
Color-Deficient Vision People who suffer red-green dificiency have trouble perceiving the number within the design
Opponent Process: Afterimage Effect