GSSR Research Methodology and Methods of Social Inquiry socialinquiry.wordpress.com January 17, 2012 I. Mixed Methods Research II. Evaluation Research

MULITPLE-METHODS APPROACH Triangulation: applying 2 or more dissimilar measures and/or methods (research strategies) to investigating a certain problem. Why do it: increased confidence in findings

Key: -what you want to study (i.e. the nature of the research question, the phenomena considered) should determine your research strategy/methods! - the relative strengths & weaknesses of alternative approaches should be weighted in deciding which methods to select, and how best to combine them when possible. Table 12.2 in Singleton and Straights, p. 399

Multiple methods can also be used within a single approach: - allows exploiting the strengths & weaknesses of complementary methods. Ex: One approach (survey method), but mail questionnaire to probability sample, & face-to-face interviews on smaller sample of non-respondents, to estimate non-response bias. Vignette experimental designs in survey research; Use of archival records to identify groups for field research …

II. EVALUATION RESEARCH ebooks/method_techniques/index_en.htm Application of social research methods for: (a) assessing social intervention programs & policies instituted to solve social problems; (b) in the private sector: assess policy, personnel, products. Major goal of evaluation: Influence decision-making/policy formulation through providing empirically-driven feedback.

Evaluation takes place within a political & organizational context, where researchers face multiple stakeholders. Stakeholders: - individuals/ groups/ or organizations that have a significant interest in how well a program/product functions/performs. Ex: Program sponsor (actor who initiates & funds the program/product) Evaluation sponsor (who mandates & funds the evaluation) Policymaker/decision maker who determines the fate of the program/product, …

Outcome of evaluation: Detailed technical report that describes the research design, methods and results. Plus: executive summaries, memos, oral reports geared to the needs of specific stakeholders.

Evaluation Strategies Scientific-experimental models (see socialresearchmethods.net/kb/intreval.php) Take values & methods from the social sciences; - prioritize on the desirability of impartiality, accuracy, objectivity & the validity of the information generated. Ex: - experimental & quasi-experimental designs; - objectives-based research that comes from education; - econometrically-oriented perspectives including cost- effectiveness and cost-benefit analysis; - theory-driven evaluation.

Management-oriented systems models -emphasize comprehensiveness in evaluation, placing evaluation within a larger framework of organizational activities. The Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT) The Critical Path Method (CPM). The Logical Framework -- "Logframe" model developed at U.S. Agency for International Development Units Treatments Observing Observations Settings (UTOS); Context Input Process Product (CIPP)

Qualitative/anthropological models Emphasize: -the importance of observation; -the need to retain the phenomenological quality of the evaluation context -the value of subjective human interpretation in the evaluation process. Ex: naturalistic or 'Fourth Generation' evaluation; the various qualitative schools; critical theory & art criticism approaches; and, the 'grounded theory' approach of Glaser and Strauss among others.

Participant-oriented models Emphasize the central importance of the evaluation participants, especially clients & users of the program or technology. Ex: Client-centered and stakeholder approaches; consumer- oriented evaluation systems.

Types of Evaluation Formative Evaluation (Product): Needs assessment: who needs the program? How great the is the need? & What might work to meet the need? Evaluability assessment: is an evaluation feasible & how can stakeholders help shape its usefulness? Structured conceptualization: helps stakeholders define the program/ technology, the target population, & the possible outcomes Implementation evaluation: monitors the fidelity of the program or technology delivery Process evaluation investigates the process of delivering the program or technology, including alternative delivery procedures

Summative evaluation (Effects/Outcome): Outcome evaluations: did the program/technology produce demonstrable effects on specifically defined target outcomes? (effect assessment) Impact evaluation: broader; assesses overall/ net effects -- intended or unintended -- of the program/ technology as a whole Cost-effectiveness & cost-benefit analysis address questions of efficiency by standardizing outcomes in terms of their dollar costs & values Secondary analysis: reexamines existing data to address new questions or use methods not previously employed Meta-analysis integrates the outcome estimates from multiple studies to arrive at an overall/ summary judgement on an evaluation question

Methodological Issues in Evaluation Research Effect Assessment: did the program/technology caused demonstrable effects? The ‘black box’ paradigm We can observe: - what goes into the ‘black box’ – the inputs (here, the program/product/intervention) and -what comes out of the box – the output (certain effects). Theory as guide to research

Research Design & Internal Validity Ideal strategy for effect assessment: experiment, with units of analysis randomly assigned to at least 2 conditions (one with intervention present, one without).

Measurement Validity -need good conceptualization -reliable and valid measures of cause (treatment program) and effect (expected outcome). Issues with creating valid indicators of program outcomes. Timing of outcome measurement: -lagged effect of the program; continuous/gradual effects, vs. instantaneous effects. To increase measurement validity: multiple measurement (independent measures) & different points in time.

External Validity -Random sample, or ‘true’ experiments are most often not feasible  non-probability sample Selection biases: - self-selection into the treatment group; -selection of program participants because they are likely to generate positive results / are available; Social context of evaluation may threaten external validity