45 nm transistor 45nm =.045um (microns)= 450 Angstroms

Review Safety Test

Wireless Technology Wireless devices transmit information via Electromagnetic waves Early wireless devices –Radios – often called wireless in old WWII movies –Broadcast TV –TV remote controls –Garage door openers

Wireless technology Today’s wireless devices include –Mobile phones –Satellite TV –Satellite radio –Global Positioning Systems (GPS) –“Bluetooth” devices –Wi-Fi systems –RFID tags

Apple iPhone A computer that is also a cell phone

Mobile Phone (Cellular) Systems Mobile phones are two-way radios. They transmit and receive RF signals. Old style phones are not radios. Original mobile phones used a single large central antenna and had limited channels available to carry signals. Only a small number of mobile phones were available in a city due to the limited amount of usable frequency bands. Cellular technology allowed for a near limitless number of mobile phones to operate in a city.

Mobile Phone (Cellular) Systems Cellular systems operate at a frequency of 824 to 894 Mhz, and 1850 to 1990 Mhz. Other bands are also being used as demand increases. These frequency bands are controlled by the Federal government. The original cell phones operated at MHz. Sometimes these phones are referred to as “analog phones” since digital technology had not yet been developed. Many systems today operate at 1850 to 1990 Mhz, the PCS band in the digital mode but can also operate at the lower frequency band. These phones are called “dual band” phones. The term “cellular” refers to the fact that service areas are divided into “cells” typically miles apart. Cell size is dependent on the population density of the area. Large population areas require closer spaced cells. Each cellular company has their own towers, thus the large number of towers throughout the area. Sometimes towers will have multiple sets for the same system or multiple systems.

PCS Band MHZ

Grid pattern for cellular antenna Adjacent grids do not use the same frequency

Mobile Phone (Cellular) Systems Each phone has a unique code. If your cell phone is “on”, it is transmitting a signal to the nearest cell tower. This signal locates you and allows you to receive calls. It also identifies your phone, carrier, and status of your account. When you make a call, it is transmitted to the nearest tower and it is then routed to the person you called. The call may go via radio waves, land lines, or satellite. As you move, the call can be transferred to the next cell. This is done automatically as signal strength changes Phones typically transmit with around 600mW of power.

Typical cellular system antenna tower with two sets of base station modules Base station RF transmit/receive modules

Large cell phone antenna is a remote location

Communities are trying to disguise cellular towers Several cell phone antenna towers like this are near the campus

“ Bluetooth” “Bluetooth” named after a Swedish King that united the country. First proposed by Ericsson The systems utilizes an unregulated band of frequencies at 2.4 GHz that operate on a relatively short distance, about 10m. Bluetooth uses a “frequency hop transceiver” to handle device traffic. A radio channel is shared by a group of devices and is synchronized by one device known as the master. This forms a piconet. Bluetooth devices can be used to connect a headset to a cellular phone, a printer to a computer, a digital camera to a computer, etc. Because “Bluetooth” circuits are low power with low battery requirements, the chipsets are relatively inexpensive. Many newer devices have “Bluetooth” already built into them.

Wi-Fi –provides access to internet wirelessly Uses IEEE standard Transmits at –2.4 GHz (802.11b and g) –5.0 GHz (802.11a) Transfer Rates –802.11a and g (54 Megabits per second) –802.11b (11 Mega bits per second) Frequency hopping for security Range: about 100 meters (300 feet) Range limited by output power level. Often called a “Hotspot”

Installing a home Wi-Fi network is easy and cheap

Finding a Wi-Fi location is easy with an internet search

“Bluetooth” vs. Wi-Fi Both use the 2.4 GHz frequency band Both could use the same antenna “Bluetooth” is for short range, about 10m Wi-Fi has a longer range, about 100m “Bluetooth” can operate from a small battery Wi-Fi requires higher power, usually plugs into a home electrical outlet

Instead of using a Wi-Fi location, you can access the internet through the cellular phone network BUT you will pay for the time. Could be expensive unless you have unlimited data downloads

RFID tags Passive -uses the incoming signal for power to transmit Active- requires an internal power supply, more expensive and less widely used Could replace bar codes and security attachments on merchandise Implantable for medical and security data

Implantable RFID device

GPS systems uses orbiting satellites Cellular GPS systems use local cellular antenna

Antenna Design In antenna design, an important design parameter is the wavelength of the EM wave Wavelength is a function of frequency Antenna length is typically either 1.1 wavelength 2.¼ wavelength 3.½ wavelength

Frequency vs wavelength Wavelength

Wavelength Calculations Wavelength units:  (wavelength) m/cycle f (frequency) cycles/sec = hertz c (speed of light) m/sec  3.0 x 10 8 m/sec Wavelength equation  c / f m/cycle = (m/sec) / (cycles/sec) Frequency must be converted to Hz

Sample calculation Find the wavelength of a frequency of 850 MHz 1.Convert 850 MHz to Hz 850 MHz = 850 x 10 6 Hz = 8.50 x 10 8 Hz 2.Use wavelength equation = c/f where c = speed of light = 3.0 x 10 8 m/sec  x 10 8 m/sec ) / (8.50 x 10 8 cycles/sec)  =.353 m/cycle Convert to cm gives  = 35.3 cm/cycle 6.For a ¼ wavelength antenna = (35.3cm/cycle)/4=8.825cm/cycle

Assignment due next class HW #5 from the web site –Frequency and wavelength calculation Begin discussions with your team on what application to pursue for your project