Toward a general modular systems : Theory and its application to interfirm product modularity Schilling, M.A (2000) Toward a general modular systems :

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Toward a general modular systems : Theory and its application to interfirm product modularity Schilling, M.A (2000) Toward a general modular systems : Theory and its application to interfirm product modularity Schilling, M.A (2000) ODI – OM 석사 1 학기 이 상 민 기술전략 세미나 May. 19, 2015 배성주 교수님 Seminar on Technology Strategy

Topic Development and Application of general modular systems theory Purpose Develop a general theory of modular systems drawing on system theories from many disciplines Apply the general theory to derive a model of interfirm product modularity, integrating the existing constructs associated with product modularity Contributions & Implications Developed a casual model tying various constructs together to explain the adoption of increasingly modular forms(especially product designs), filling the research gap Implications for management and public policy 1. Overview

2. Modular systems Definition All entities are a system of components and each of those components is a system of finer components, which could be perceived as hierarchically nested systems System hierarchy could overlap enabling the components to serve multiple systems System should be distinguished from context within which it exists Warm up Q ; Modular vs. Integrated design Modular design 과 Integrated design 의 장점 / 단점 ? ModularIntegrated 장점  Module 내부에서는 interdependency 를 고려하지만 Module 간 Interdependency 는 줄여 효율성과 생산성을 높일 수 있다  Economies of scale 이 가능하다  구성요소간의 Interdependency 를 만족하는 수준에서 개선된 값을 도출하는 과정 에서 innovation 이 발생할 수 있다  구성요소간 Interdependency 의 고려로 최적화된 디자인이 도출되기 때문에 높은 Performance 를 기대할 수 있다. 단점  Module 화 하기 위한 작업에 시간과 비용이 많이 들어간다  Module 간 interdependency 를 제대로 파악하지 못할 경우 실패로 이어 진다.  Standardization( 표준화 ) 의 과정이 선행되어야 한다  구성요소의 숫자가 늘어날수록 Iteration 에 들어가는 시간과 비용이 급격하게 늘어 난다  Exploration 의 속도가 느리고 한번 정해진 디자인의 변화가 쉽지 않다.

2. Modular systems Main factors & Assumptions 1.Fitness and Adaptation : The degree to which the system and its context are “Mutually acceptable” 가정 : 복잡한 시스템의 경우 context 나 더 좋은 fitness 의 방향으로 Adaptation / Evolution 할 수 있다. Context creates forces that draw a system toward a particular state System often will not achieve an optimal fit with its context : issue of Inertia / Time System and its context coevolve ; 저자는 Deterministic perspective (system responds to its environment) 에서 주로 바라봄 2.Coupling and Recombination 가정 : 모든 system 들은 components 간 어느 정도의 coupling 으로 이루어져 있고 완전히 분리 불가능한 system 은 거의 없다. 즉 모든 system 은 Modular 하다. Speparability (influenced primarily by the degree of synergistic specificity characterizing the system) is the strongest factors conditioning whether a system will respond to pressures to become more modular Heterogeneity of inputs and demands : system 을 구성하는 Heterogeneous 한 input 이 많을 수록 recombination 을 통해 만들어 질 수 있는 configuration 이 많아진다. 또한 Heterogeneous 한 demand 가 많을 수록 recombination 의 value 가 높아진다. 추가적으로 가능한 Configuration 이 많을 수록 heterogeneous 한 demand 을 만족시킬 수 있는 system 이 만들어질 가능성이 높아진다. Heterogeneity of inputs + Heterogeneity of demands = Powerful incentives to adopt a modular design

2. Modular systems Main factors & Assumptions 3.Migration and Equilibria The balance between the gains achievable through recombination(Modular) and the gains achievable through synergistic specificity determines the pressure for or against the decomposition of the system Trajectory of system is bidirectional : as the environmental changes or the separability of the system changes, the system might migrate up or down a trajectory, toward or away from increasing modularity 4.Overcoming Inertia Systems do not respond immediately and vigorously to every external influences ; Inertia 즉, 항상 실제 separability, heterogeneous input/demand 에 비해 더 modular 하거나 덜 modular 하다 To what degree a system responds to changes in its context are influenced by forces in the context that create urgency Ex) Time / Competitive intensity can catalyze the balance

Figure 1 : General modular systems

Discussion 1 Industry 의 전반적인 측면에서 보았을 때 Modularity 가 심해지면, 각 components 를 생산하는 Vendor 간의 힘이 평등한 것이 아니라 ( 본 논문에서의 Windows) 어떤 제품의 Core 한 요소를 생산하여 이에 대한 Standard 를 가지고 있는 Vendor 가 가장 Bargaining power 가 강해질 것이라 생각된다. 이러한 상황은 오히려 Industry 전반에게는 Innovation 을 저해하는 요인이 되지 않을까 ? 본 논문에 의하면 Modularity 가 증가하면 증가할 수록, 고객은 다양한 Needs 에 맞춰 다양한 선택지들 중에서 원하는 것을 고를 수 있어 Switching cost 를 낮출 수 있는 이점이 있고 vendor 의 입장에서는 Specialization 을 통해 제품을 이루는 모든 Components 를 관리하고 생산하지 않아도 되기 때문에 결국 Fixed cost, variable cost, inventory cost 등의 비용에서 절약을 할 수 있게 되고 이에 따라 Margin 을 얻기 위한 비용이 낮아져 Product cost 자체를 낮출 수 있는 장점이 있다고 한다. 하지만, 이를 다른 측면에서 생각해보면, Modularity 가 이루어질 수 있는 전제 조건이 Standardization 임을 고려했을 때 어떤 제품을 구성하는 Component 중에서도 Core component 를 생산하는 vendor 의 힘이 강해지고 이로 인해 결국 industry 전체의 innovation 가능성을 저해됨과 동시에 Standard 가 요구하는 조건을 맞추기 위해 다른 vendor 들은 오히려 높은 비용이 드는 경우도 있을 것 같다.

3. Interfirm Product Modularity Product systems are modular Interfirm modularity enables customers to assemble their own multivendor configuration Modularity within the firm enables economies in design and simplify coordination Modular technologies give users greater discretion over the function and scale of the end product, enabling users to create products that perform functions more suited to their needs Enables customers to use components from a variety of different vendors rather than being locked into a single vendor Application of general theory to Interfirm product modularity 앞에서 도출한 General modular systems framework 를 product level 에 적용시킴으로써 어떻게 Dominant design of a product system 이 modularity 를 증가 혹은 감소시키는지에 대한 이해를 할 수 있다. Separability / Synergistic specificity ; Internal factors Heterogeneity of input/demand and Urgency : External factors

3. Interfirm Product Modularity Separability and Synergistic specificity Functionality achieved through specialized components Customer ability (Willingness to chose and assemble components) Proposition 1 The degree to which functionality is achieved through component specificity will be negatively related to increasing interfirm product modularity Proposition 2 The degree of difficulty customers face in assessing the quality and interaction of components will be negatively related to increasing interfirm modularity Proposition 3 The degree of difficulty customers face in assembling the components will be negatively related to increasing interfirm modularity Heterogeneous inputs Diversity of technological options available Proposition 4 Greater diversity in the technological options available in the market will be positively related to increasing interfirm product modularity Differentiation in firm capabilities Proposition 5 The degree to which firms in the market have different capabilities will be positively related to increasing interfirm product modularity Proposition 6 The degree to which firms in the market have differentiated capabilities and the availability of diverse technological options will reinforce each other Proposition 7 The adoption of increasingly interfirm modular product designs may result in both the further differentiation of firm capabilities and the development of diverse technological options

3. Interfirm Product Modularity Heterogeneous demands Proposition 8 Customer Heterogeneity in desired function or scale of product will be positively related to increasing interfirm product modularity Proposition 9 Heterogeneous inputs(diversity in technological options and differentiation in firm capabilities) and heterogeneous demands(customer heterogeneity) will each reinforce the effect of the other Urgency Speed of technological change Proposition 10 If there are pressures to increase or decrease the interfirm modularity of a product system, the speed of technological change will increase the likelihood of such a migration Competitive intensity Proposition 11 If there are pressures to increase or decrease the interfirm modularity of a product system, competitive intensity will increase the likelihood of such a migration Ex) College course pack Ex) Car 기술의 변화속도가 빨라지면 Flexibility 에 대한 필요성이 증가 Heterogeneous input/demand 하에서는 Competitive intensity 가 경쟁자들 간 modular product 를 통한 차별화 경쟁을 심화시킨다 Competitive intensity 는 modularity 를 증가시켜 customer 와 producer 모두의 cost 를 감소시킨다. (Switching cost, product cost / fixed cost, variable cost, inventory cost etc)

Figure 2 : Interfrim Product Modularity

3. Interfirm Product Modularity Others (not related to propositions) 1.Network Externality Firms can reap advantages of compatibility with a wide range of complementary goods by encapsulating proprietary technology within a components that conforms to an open standard based architecture while still retaining the rent generating potential of their proprietary component 2.Market power and architecture control If a firm possess a unique asset or position in the market, it can respond to the pressure of heterogeneous inputs and demands Windows

4. Impications Management Understanding product system’s migration toward increasing or decreasing modularity is valuable both to incumbents and new entrants Policy makers Some industries will benefit from increasing integration whereas some will not Model helps to clarify when integration is desirable from the customer’s point of view and when it actually constitutes an injurious tie-in Expectations of certain industry For what degree of concentration we should expect to see in an industry Strong customer, technological and firm pressure to deliver an integrated product ; Greater industry concentration and larger firms in the industry Strong pressure of modularity ; Fragmented industry

Discussion 2 Product 외에 Modularity 가 적용될 수 있는 것은 어떤 것이 있고, 적용될 수 있다면 구체적으로 어떤 방식으로 적용될 수 있을까 ? 서비스의 경우 Platform 화와 차이가 있는가 ? 본 논문에 의하면 모든 System 들은 기본적으로 Modular 한 성격을 가지고 있다고 한다. 하지만 논문에서 구체적으로 다루고 있는 것은 Interfrim product modularity 이다. Product 의 경우 Design 의 과정에서 Modular 혹은 Integrated 의 방향으로 명확하게 구분 지어 개발될 수 있다고 생각한다. 예를 들어 Integrated 의 경우는 과거 일본의 Compact 한 전자제품들이라던가 아니면 Apple 제품의 디자인이 있고 Modular 한 경우 Google 의 경우나 Samsung 제품의 경우를 들 수 있을 것 같다. 하지만 서비스의 경우나 다른 어떤 형태의 경우는 선뜻 떠오르지 않는데 어떤 것이 있을까 ? 또한, 서비스의 경우 Modular 하게 개발할 경우 Platform 의 형태와 비슷할 것으로 예상되는데 이에 대해서는 어떻게 생각하는가 ?