Digital Logic Design Week 3 Logic gates (NOT, AND, OR, NAND, NOR, XOR, XNOR) Applications of Binary Codes (MOTIVATION) (ASCII and UNICODE codes, Seven-segment Display Code, Gray code-rotation counter, Error Detection and Correction code)

Logic gates Logic gates Fixed-function logic & programmable logic NOT gate AND gate OR gate NAND gate NOR gate Exclusive-OR (XOR) and exclusive-NOR (XNOR) gates Fixed-function logic & programmable logic

Basic logic operations and symbols True only if all input conditions are true AND OR True only if one or more input conditions are true NOT Indicates the opposite condition X True/false conditions are represented by voltages: HIGH = true LOW = false

NOT gate also known as an inverter performs inversion or complementation HIGH ↔ LOW 1 ↔ 0

NOT gate Truth Table A X A truth table shows the output corresponding to each possible input Three equivalent ways to write the NOT condition: X = NOT A X = A’ We’ll use truth tables extensively in the course

NOT gate Timing diagram A X A X Application: A group of inverters can be used to form the 1’s complement of a binary number: Binary number 1’s complement 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 1 0

AND gate A B X Produces a HIGH output when all inputs are HIGH; otherwise, the output is LOW

AND gate Truth table for a 2-input AND gate X Truth table for a 2-input AND gate 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 AND operation is sometimes shown with a dot between the variables, but it may be implied (no dot): AND operation is written as X = A·B or X = AB

AND gates have 2 or more inputs #inputs = n #input combinations (= #rows in truth table) = 2n 2 inputs → 22 = 4 input combinations 3 inputs → 23 = 8 input combinations 4 inputs → 24 = 16 input combinations Write the truth table for a 3-input AND gate

AND gate A B X Timing diagram

AND gate

OR gate A B X Produces a HIGH output if any input is HIGH; if all inputs are LOW, the output is LOW

OR gate Truth table for a 2-input OR gate X Truth table for a 2-input OR gate 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 The OR operation is shown with a plus sign (+) between the variables: OR operation is written as X = A + B

OR gates have 2 or more inputs Write the truth table for a 3-input OR gate

OR gate

NAND gate NAND = NOT-AND Truth table for a 2-input NAND gate 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 NAND operation is written as or

NOR gate NOR = NOT-OR Truth table for a 2-input NOR gate 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 NOR operation is written as or

Alarm to be activated if any door/window is open Name the mystery gate #1 Alarm to be activated if any door/window is open ?

Name the mystery gate #2 ?

Name the mystery gate #3 Light turns on if this signal is LOW ???? Want green light ON if both tanks are at least 25% full Level sensor output is HIGH if tank is at least 25% full

XOR gate 2-input exclusive-OR (XOR) gate produces a HIGH output if the inputs are at opposite logic levels one HIGH & one LOW Truth table for a 2-input XOR gate 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 XOR operation is written 3-input XOR defined: extends to N-input XOR

XNOR gate A X B 2-input exclusive-NOR (XNOR) gate produces a HIGH output if the inputs are at same logic levels both HIGH, or both LOW Truth table for a 2-input XNOR gate 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 XNOR operation is written

Summary of logic gates

1. The binary number 100011010100011011112 expressed in hexadecimal is: (a) AD46716 (b) 8C46F16 (c) 8D46F16 (d) AE46F16 2. Convert the decimal number 28410 to hexadecimal

3. Express the decimal number 246910 in binary-coded decimal. 4. A communication system transmits 9-bit blocks of information using an even parity scheme. The following byte of information is to be transmitted: 01110101 Calculate the value of the parity bit to be attached to this byte.

5. For the set of input waveforms shown below, draw the timing diagram showing the output X in relation to the inputs.

6. By examination of the timing diagram below, identify the type of 3-input gate which generates the output X. ?

7. A 2-input gate with inputs A and B generates output X shown in the timing diagram below. The gate is: an OR gate an AND gate a NOR gate a NAND gate A X B

9. The truth table for a 2-input NOR gate is: 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 a. b. 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 c. d. © 2008 Pearson Education

10. Compute the 2’s complement of 011011002 The decimal number +12210 is expressed in 8-bit 2’s complement form as: 01111010 11111010 01000101 10000101

12. Write −3410 as a binary number in 8-bit 2’s complement form 13. Convert each of the following decimal numbers to 8-bit 2’s complement form, and add them: −52 and 25. Check your answer by converting the result back to decimal.

14. Convert the hexadecimal number 6B16 to octal (base-8) 15. Perform the following addition of hexadecimal numbers: DF16 + AC16