BRAHMS 16. August 2004 ICHEP04 Beijing, Kina I.G.Bearden, Niels Bohr Institute 1 BRAHMS Particle Production at Forward Rapidities with BRAHMS I.G. Bearden,

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BRAHMS 16. August 2004 ICHEP04 Beijing, Kina I.G.Bearden, Niels Bohr Institute 1 BRAHMS Particle Production at Forward Rapidities with BRAHMS I.G. Bearden, Niels Bohr Institute For The BRAHMS collaboration

BRAHMS 16. August 2004 ICHEP04 Beijing, Kina I.G.Bearden, Niels Bohr Institute 2 Charged Particle Multiplicity dN/d  According to Bjorken,  >5GeV/fm 3 170MeV T BB

BRAHMS 16. August 2004 ICHEP04 Beijing, Kina I.G.Bearden, Niels Bohr Institute 3 Integrated multiplicities (Gaussian fit) N(   ) ~ 1780 N(  + ) ~1760 N(K + ) ~ 290 N(K  ) ~ 240 N(pbar) ~ 85 Rapidity Densities At y ~ 0, dN/dy is ~ 300 (300) for  + (  - ) ~ 47 (44) for K + (K  ) ~ 27 (20) for p (pbar) N(  ) >> N(K) > N(p) N(  + ) = N(   ) N(K + ) > N(K  ) and N(p) > N(pbar) systematically

BRAHMS 16. August 2004 ICHEP04 Beijing, Kina I.G.Bearden, Niels Bohr Institute 4 BRAHMS, submitted to PRL, 31/12/03 nucl-ex/ P. Christiansen Ph.D. Thesis, København’s Universitet protons antiprotons Proton & antiproton dN/dy (5% central)

BRAHMS 16. August 2004 ICHEP04 Beijing, Kina I.G.Bearden, Niels Bohr Institute 5 BRAHMS, submitted to PRL, 31/12/03 nucl-ex/ P. Christiansen Ph.D. Thesis, København’s Universitet “Net” Proton= proton - antiproton dN/dy (5% central) protons antiprotons net-proton

BRAHMS 16. August 2004 ICHEP04 Beijing, Kina I.G.Bearden, Niels Bohr Institute 6 BRAHMS, submitted to PRL, nucl-ex/ P. Christiansen Ph.D. Thesis AGS : high stopping RHIC: more transparent RHIC vs. AGS,SPS:

BRAHMS 16. August 2004 ICHEP04 Beijing, Kina I.G.Bearden, Niels Bohr Institute 7 Calculate net-baryon distribution from net-protons (and y=0 yields of , and Hijing…) Net Baryon dN/dy

BRAHMS 16. August 2004 ICHEP04 Beijing, Kina I.G.Bearden, Niels Bohr Institute 8 Gaussians in p z : 2.03  0.16 Rapidity loss: gaussian in p z Rapidity loss :

BRAHMS 16. August 2004 ICHEP04 Beijing, Kina I.G.Bearden, Niels Bohr Institute  0.16 Rapidity loss: 6th order polynomial Rapidity loss : 6 order polynomial Gaussians in p z : 2.00  0.10 Total  E=25.7  2.1TeV

BRAHMS 16. August 2004 ICHEP04 Beijing, Kina I.G.Bearden, Niels Bohr Institute 10  y vs. y beam Even (unphysically) extreme approximations don’t change conclusions: scaling broken, large energy available Total  E=25.7  2.1TeV

BRAHMS 16. August 2004 ICHEP04 Beijing, Kina I.G.Bearden, Niels Bohr Institute 11 Fit , K and p distributions (dN/dy and  m T  vs y)  total energy of , K and p Assume reasonable distribution for particles we don’t detect (  0,n,  …) Calculate the total energy… NB: the method is very sensitive to the tails of the dN/dy dist. (  10-15%)  35 TeV (E beam  N part ) of which  25 TeV are carried by produced particles. p: 3108 p: 428 K + : 1628 K - : 1093  +: 5888  -: 6117  0 : 6004 n : 3729 n : 513 K 0 : 1628 K 0 : 1093  : 1879  : 342 Energy (in GeV) sum: 33.4 TeV produced: 24.8TeV Energy Balance…

BRAHMS 16. August 2004 ICHEP04 Beijing, Kina I.G.Bearden, Niels Bohr Institute 12 Where is the energy? ≈ 9TeV in produced particles in the covered y range -3<y<3

BRAHMS 16. August 2004 ICHEP04 Beijing, Kina I.G.Bearden, Niels Bohr Institute 13 Strange to non-strange meson ratios K - /  - ≈K + /  + at midrapidity Depend strongly on baryochemical potential

BRAHMS 16. August 2004 ICHEP04 Beijing, Kina I.G.Bearden, Niels Bohr Institute 14 Y < 1 : consistent with Hadron Gas Stat. Model K + /  + : 15.6  0.1 % (stat) K/   : 14.7  0.1 % (stat) [Phys. Lett. B 518 (2001) 41] Divergence at higher y : Associated K + production No single source with unique T and  B Strangeness with Kaons RAPIDITY DEPENDENCE BRAHMS, PRL90 (2003) T~constant,  B varies with y Increasing y 63 GeV

BRAHMS 16. August 2004 ICHEP04 Beijing, Kina I.G.Bearden, Niels Bohr Institute 15 Jets at RHIC p+p  jet+jet Au+Au  ??? nucleon parton jet Find this……….in this And, in BRAHMS, we only “see” this much…

BRAHMS 16. August 2004 ICHEP04 Beijing, Kina I.G.Bearden, Niels Bohr Institute 16 h=0 h=2.2 Characterize “high” p T by single particle spectra

BRAHMS 16. August 2004 ICHEP04 Beijing, Kina I.G.Bearden, Niels Bohr Institute 17 Nuclear Modification Quantified by: Cronin Enhancement Shadowing/Saturation Jet-quenching - yield relative to that from N+N collisions, scaled for the nuclear geometry (N bin ) Jet-quenching energy loss of high momentum particles in the dense medium due to - gluon brehmstralung in the colored medium - hadronic multiple scattering  suppression of leading hadrons - Au+Au at  s NN = 130GeV and 200GeV - next: energy+rapidity dependence

BRAHMS 16. August 2004 ICHEP04 Beijing, Kina I.G.Bearden, Niels Bohr Institute 18 Arsene et al. PRL2003 To look at ‘only’ data, form ratio R  =R cp (  =2.2)/R cp (  =0)

BRAHMS 16. August 2004 ICHEP04 Beijing, Kina I.G.Bearden, Niels Bohr Institute 19 d+Au Nuclear Modification  =0 High p T enhancement observed in d+Au collisions at  s NN =200 GeV. Comparing Au+Au to d+Au  strong effect of dense medium

BRAHMS 16. August 2004 ICHEP04 Beijing, Kina I.G.Bearden, Niels Bohr Institute 20 submitted to PRL Cronin enhancement at  =0 - the “null” experiment that ruled out initial state effect as explanation for Au+Au suppression Increasing suppression for  3 - window to the low-x partons in the Au nuclei (Q S ~A 1/3 e -  y ) - consistent with CGC prediction R dAu at  s NN = 200 GeV

BRAHMS 16. August 2004 ICHEP04 Beijing, Kina I.G.Bearden, Niels Bohr Institute 21 one week of 62.4 GeV running… New BRAHMS results No RHIC p+p running at this energy: - what should we use as reference?

BRAHMS 16. August 2004 ICHEP04 Beijing, Kina I.G.Bearden, Niels Bohr Institute 22 Nuclear modification factor R AuAu - different centrality classes Energy dependence (SPS  RHIC) p T =3-4GeV/c 40-60%20-40%10-20%0-10% R AuAu at  s NN = 62.4 GeV

BRAHMS 16. August 2004 ICHEP04 Beijing, Kina I.G.Bearden, Niels Bohr Institute 23 Conclusions  High energy density  70% of energy available for particle production  Source (nearly) same over >1 unit rapidity  63 GeV data: climb the K/  “matterhorn”?  High p T suppression persists to high y in Au+Au  More saturation as y increases in d+Au  Gluon saturation describes data, though not uniquely  Lots left to do…

BRAHMS 16. August 2004 ICHEP04 Beijing, Kina I.G.Bearden, Niels Bohr Institute 24 The BRAHMS Collaboration I.Arsene 10,I.G. Bearden 7, D. Beavis 1, C. Besliu 10, Y. Blyakhman 6, J.Brzychczyk 4, B. Budick 6,H. Bøggild 7,C. Chasman 1, C. H. Christensen 7, P. Christiansen 7, J.Cibor 4,R.Debbe 1,J. J. Gaardhøje 7,M. Germinario 7, K. Hagel 8, O. Hansen 7, H. Ito 11, E. Jacobsen 7, A. Jipa 10, J. I. Jordre 10, F. Jundt 2, C.E.Jørgensen 7, E. J. Kim 5, T. Kozik 3, T.M.Larsen 12, J. H. Lee 1, Y. K.Lee 5, G. Løvhøjden 2, Z. Majka 3, A. Makeev 8, B. McBreen 1, M. Murray 8, J. Natowitz 8, B. Neuman 11,B.S.Nielsen 7, K. Olchanski 1, D. Ouerdane 7, R.Planeta 4, F. Rami 2, D. Roehrich 9, B. H. Samset 12, S. J. Sanders 11, I. S. Sgura 10, R.A.Sheetz 1, Z.Sosin 3, P. Staszel 7, T.S. Tveter 12, F.Videbæk 1, R. Wada 8,A.Wieloch 3,Z. Yin 9 1 Brookhaven National Laboratory, USA, 2 IReS and Université Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg, France 3 Jagiellonian University, Cracow, Poland, 4 Institute of Nuclear Physics, Cracow, Poland 5 Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA, 6 New York University, USA 7 Niels Bohr Institute, Blegdamsvej 17, University of Copenhagen, Denmark 8 Texas A&M University, College Station. USA, 9 University of Bergen, Norway 10 University of Bucharest, Romania, 11 University of Kansas, Lawrence,USA 12 University of Oslo Norway - 12 institutions-

BRAHMS 16. August 2004 ICHEP04 Beijing, Kina I.G.Bearden, Niels Bohr Institute 25 In ’BT’ (Danish morning tabloid) Feb …….as plastic slippers with acrylic lining ? That you can recreate the Big Bang in a particle accelerator is simply a fantastic and earth shattering…. …discovery! At the same level.....

BRAHMS 16. August 2004 ICHEP04 Beijing, Kina I.G.Bearden, Niels Bohr Institute 26 Random Back-up slides…

BRAHMS 16. August 2004 ICHEP04 Beijing, Kina I.G.Bearden, Niels Bohr Institute 27 After appropriate corrections, we combinine all data sets to obtain final invariant yields over a broad range of rapidity and p T Particle Spectra  K p

BRAHMS 16. August 2004 ICHEP04 Beijing, Kina I.G.Bearden, Niels Bohr Institute 28 Particle Spectra Pions: power lawKaons: exponentialProtons: Gaussian Top 5% central collisions

BRAHMS 16. August 2004 ICHEP04 Beijing, Kina I.G.Bearden, Niels Bohr Institute 29 BRAHMS at RHIC The three first years: Au+Auat  s NN = 130GeV Au+Auat  s NN = 200GeV d+Auat  s NN = 200GeV p+pat  s NN = 200GeV Au+Auat  s NN = 62.4GeV

BRAHMS 16. August 2004 ICHEP04 Beijing, Kina I.G.Bearden, Niels Bohr Institute 30 Broad RAnge Hadron Magnetic spectrometerS Two small solid angle spectrometers (FS and MRS) 2.3° 30° that can rotate from 2.3° to 30° 90° 30° and 30° to 90° (MRS) provide excellent PID over broad range in y-p T The BRAHMS Experiment

BRAHMS 16. August 2004 ICHEP04 Beijing, Kina I.G.Bearden, Niels Bohr Institute 31 ENERGY DEPENDENCE At y = 0, ratios converge to ~ 15 % Over the full phase space: K + /  + = 16.6  1.5 % (syst) K  /   = 13.7  2.0 % (syst) no change for + Why this behavior ? Net-Kaon distribution evolves like net-proton

BRAHMS 16. August 2004 ICHEP04 Beijing, Kina I.G.Bearden, Niels Bohr Institute 32 y~0 y~3y~2 y~1 p T (GeV/c) Spectra with BW Fits at y~0,1,2,3 ( T,  s,  in the fit R max =13fm ) BRAHMS Preliminary Fix ,T Fix , 

BRAHMS 16. August 2004 ICHEP04 Beijing, Kina I.G.Bearden, Niels Bohr Institute 33 Transverse Flow… Points: BRAHMS Data Curves: 3D Hydro (Hirano) Histos: AMPT p  Transverse flow roughly constant over ≈2 units of rapidity. “blast-wave” fit parameters confirm this.

BRAHMS 16. August 2004 ICHEP04 Beijing, Kina I.G.Bearden, Niels Bohr Institute 34 The BRAHMS Experiment

BRAHMS 16. August 2004 ICHEP04 Beijing, Kina I.G.Bearden, Niels Bohr Institute 35 Preliminary results from 63GeV

BRAHMS 16. August 2004 ICHEP04 Beijing, Kina I.G.Bearden, Niels Bohr Institute 36 High pt suppression, jet quenching in Au+Au The smoking gun of deconfinement? Large high pt suppression also at forward rapidity. Longitudinally extended medium, boost invariance, CGC or …? Not quantitatively understood.

BRAHMS 16. August 2004 ICHEP04 Beijing, Kina I.G.Bearden, Niels Bohr Institute 37 BRAHMS: PRL 91 (2003) Absence of suppression in d+Au at midrapidity  1/5 QCD predicts large energy loss from gluon bremsstrahlung in deconfined medium:   g ln(1/L) dz 

BRAHMS 16. August 2004 ICHEP04 Beijing, Kina I.G.Bearden, Niels Bohr Institute 38 High pt suppression in d+Au at forward rapidity. Color Glass Condensate ? BRAHMS: Submitted to PRL, March 2004

BRAHMS 16. August 2004 ICHEP04 Beijing, Kina I.G.Bearden, Niels Bohr Institute 39 Nuclear Modification Quantified by: Cronin Enhancement Shadowing/Saturation Jet-quenching - yield relative to that from N+N collisions, scaled for the nuclear geometry (N bin )

BRAHMS 16. August 2004 ICHEP04 Beijing, Kina I.G.Bearden, Niels Bohr Institute 40 Nuclear Modification Quantified by: Cronin Enhancement Shadowing/Saturation Jet-quenching - yield relative to that from N+N collisions, scaled for the nuclear geometry (N bin ) “Cronin effect” Initial state multiple scattering leading to Cronin enhancement (R AA >1) - heavy ions at lower energy - d+Au collisions at RHIC

BRAHMS 16. August 2004 ICHEP04 Beijing, Kina I.G.Bearden, Niels Bohr Institute 41 Nuclear Modification Quantified by: Cronin Enhancement Shadowing/Saturation Jet-quenching - yield relative to that from N+N collisions, scaled for the nuclear geometry (N bin ) Shadowing/saturation depletion of low-x partons due to: - coherent multiple scattering - saturation leading to suppression below the saturation scale. Q S  ??  The Color Glass Condensate (CGC) gives theoretical framework

BRAHMS 16. August 2004 ICHEP04 Beijing, Kina I.G.Bearden, Niels Bohr Institute 42 Global Parameterization Of ISR DATA Fit to ISR (R203) DATA ISR DATA  =1 Reference Spectrum

BRAHMS 16. August 2004 ICHEP04 Beijing, Kina I.G.Bearden, Niels Bohr Institute 43 Nuclear Modification Quantified by: Cronin Enhancement Shadowing/Saturation Jet-quenching “Cronin effect” Initial state multiple scattering leading to Cronin enhancement (R AA >1) - heavy ions at lower energy - d+Au collisions at RHIC - yield relative to that from N+N collisions, scaled for the nuclear geometry (N bin )

BRAHMS 16. August 2004 ICHEP04 Beijing, Kina I.G.Bearden, Niels Bohr Institute 44 Nuclear Modification Shadowing/saturation depletion of low-x partons due to: - coherent multiple scattering - saturation leading to suppression below the saturation scale. Q S  ??  The Color Glass Condensate (CGC) gives a solid theroretical framework Quantified by: Cronin Enhancement Shadowing/Saturation Jet-quenching - yield relative to that from N+N collisions, scaled for the nuclear geometry (N bin )

BRAHMS 16. August 2004 ICHEP04 Beijing, Kina I.G.Bearden, Niels Bohr Institute 45 Nuclear Modification Jet-quenching energy loss of high momentum particles in the dense medium due to - gluon brehmstralung in the colored medium - hadronic multiple scattering  suppression of leading hadrons - Au+Au at  s NN = 130GeV and 200GeV - next: energy dependence Quantified by: Cronin Enhancement Shadowing/Saturation Jet-quenching - yield relative to that from N+N collisions, scaled for the nuclear geometry (N bin )

BRAHMS 16. August 2004 ICHEP04 Beijing, Kina I.G.Bearden, Niels Bohr Institute 46 Gaussians in p z : 2.03  0.16 Nuclear Stopping Net-baryon after feed-down & neutron corrections 2.00  order polynomial Gaussians in p z : Total  E=25.7  2.1TeV Rapidity loss :

BRAHMS 16. August 2004 ICHEP04 Beijing, Kina I.G.Bearden, Niels Bohr Institute 47 Predictions from theory I. Vitev nucl-th/ v2 D. Kharzeev et al. Phys.Rev.D68:094013,2003 CGC at y=0 Y=0 Y=3 Y=-3 Very high energy As y grows