© National Fuel Cell Research Center, /24 High Temperature Fuel Cell Tri-Generation of Power, Heat & H 2 from Waste Jack Brouwer, Ph.D. June 26, 2013 UPP Down Under Program

© National Fuel Cell Research Center, /24 Outline Introduction and Background Introduction and Background Tri-Generation/Poly-Generation Analyses Tri-Generation/Poly-Generation Analyses OCSD Project Introduction OCSD Project Introduction

© National Fuel Cell Research Center, /24 Introduction and Background Hydrogen fuel cell vehicle performance is outstanding Hydrogen fuel cell vehicle performance is outstanding Energy density of H 2 is much greater than batteries Energy density of H 2 is much greater than batteries Rapid fueling, long range ZEV H 2 must be produced H 2 must be produced energy intensive, may have emissions, fossil fuels, economies of scale Low volumetric energy density of H 2 compared to current infrastructure fuels STP) Low volumetric energy density of H 2 compared to current infrastructure fuels STP) H 2 handling (storage, transport and dispensing) can be energy and emissions intensive An emerging strategy is poly-generation of hydrogen, heat and power from a high-temperature fuel cell (HTFC) There is a need for a distributed, high-efficiency, low emissions hydrogen production method able to use a variety of feedstocks

© National Fuel Cell Research Center, /24 Tri-Generation Energy Station Concept 1, 2, 3 Locally available feedstock: Natural Gas, ADG, Landfill Gas, …. Electricity Heat Hydrogen Energy Station Concept Introduction and Background 1 Brouwer et al., 2001; 2 CHHN Blueprint Plan, 2005; 3 Leal and Brouwer, 2006

© National Fuel Cell Research Center, /24 Introduction and Background Poly-generation of Power, Heat and H 2 Advantages: 4, 5, 6 Advantages: 4, 5, 6 H 2 production is at the point of use averting emissions and energy impacts of hydrogen and electricity transport Fuel cell produces sufficient heat and steam as the primary inputs for the endothermic reforming process Synergistic impacts of lower fuel utilization increase overall efficiency (i.e., higher Nernst Voltage, lower polarization losses, lower cooling requirement and associated air blower parasitic load) Potential Disadvantage: Potential Disadvantage: Distributed production may not be compatible with carbon sequestration 4 Leal and Brouwer, 2006; 5 O’Hayre, R., 2009; 6 Margalef et. al, 2008

© National Fuel Cell Research Center, /24 High Temperature Fuel Cell (HTFC) Stack Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Example Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Example Introduction and Background CH 4 +H 2 O 3H 2 +CO 2H 2 +O 2- 2H 2 O + 4e - O 2 + 4e - 2O 2- Electrolyte Reformation rxn Fuel cell rxn AN CAT H load Stack Operating Temperature Range = 650 o C to 950 o C HEAT {CH 4, H 2 O} O 2 Depleted Air O 2 (Air) {H 2, CO, CO 2 } {H 2 } HEAT Fuel Utilization Factor (U f ) = ~ 85% Air Utilization Factor = ~ 15 % ~ 60% ~ 30% O 2-

© National Fuel Cell Research Center, /24 Outline Introduction and Background Introduction and Background Tri-Generation/Poly-Generation Analyses Tri-Generation/Poly-Generation Analyses OCSD Project Introduction OCSD Project Introduction

© National Fuel Cell Research Center, /24 Recall: High Temperature Fuel Cell (HTFC) Stack Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell Example Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell Example Analyses of Synergies CH 4 +H 2 O  3H 2 +CO 2H 2 +2CO 3 2-  2H 2 O + 2CO 2 + 4e - O 2 + 2CO 2 + 4e -  2CO 3 2- Electrolyte Reformation Electrochemistry AN CAT H load Stack Operating Temperature Range = 550 o C to 650 o C CH 4, H 2 O O 2 Depleted Air O 2, CO 2 H 2, CO, CO 2 HEAT 2CO 3 2- Air Flow and parasitic blower power can be reduced Endothermic Exothermic

© National Fuel Cell Research Center, /24 ~ C.C. CH 4 Air Exhaust gases 1 Water SOFCSOFC CH 4 H2H2 H2OH2O Reformer (1) CH 4 H2H2 H2OH2O Reformer (2) CH 4 H2H2 H2OH2O Reformer (3) CH 4 H2H2 H2OH2O Reformer (4) ~ C.C. Exhaust gases 1 SOFCSOFC CH 4 H2H2 H2OH2O Reformer (1) CH 4 H2H2 H2OH2O Reformer (2) CH 4 H2H2 H2OH2O Reformer (3) CH 4 H2H2 H2OH2O Reformer (4) Placement of a reformer in different locations: Configuration 1  reformer after the air preheater, Configuration 2  reformer after the water preheater, Configuration 3  reformer after the natural gas preheater, Configuration 4  reformer after the combustion chamber. Cycle Configurations Air Water Natural Gas

© National Fuel Cell Research Center, /24 Configuration 5: External reforming with combustion chamber after the air preheater. 15 ~ SOFCSOFC H2H2 H2OH2O C.C. Water Air 7 10 CH REF Exhaust gases Configuration 6: Internal reforming 1 C.C. ~ SOFCSOFC H2H H2OH2O CH 4 Air Exhaust gases Cycle Configurations

© National Fuel Cell Research Center, /24 Thermodynamic Analyses Energy performance analysis Energy performance analysis

© National Fuel Cell Research Center, /24 Poly-Generation Analyses Electrochemical Heat Synergy #1: Electrochemical heat & voltage Synergy #1: Electrochemical heat & voltage Fuel Utilization Values

© National Fuel Cell Research Center, /24 Electrochemistry & Reformation Synergy #2 – Air Flow Electrochemistry & Reformation Synergy #2 – Air Flow Factor #1 electrochem. heat Poly-Generation Analyses Factor#2 reformation cooling

© National Fuel Cell Research Center, /24 EXAMPLE: Efficiency of a Poly-Generating Hydrogen Energy Station (H 2 ES) without valuing heat EXAMPLE: Efficiency of a Poly-Generating Hydrogen Energy Station (H 2 ES) without valuing heat Poly-Generation Analyses

© National Fuel Cell Research Center, /24 Poly-Generation Dynamic Analyses Diurnal dynamic operation of SOFC Diurnal dynamic operation of SOFC Hydrogen tank fills forcing end of tri-generation Hydrogen tank fills forcing end of tri-generation Control of system temperatures during transient is possible Control of system temperatures during transient is possible

© National Fuel Cell Research Center, /24 Outline Introduction and Background Introduction and Background Tri-Generation/Poly-Generation Analyses Tri-Generation/Poly-Generation Analyses OCSD Project Introduction OCSD Project Introduction

© National Fuel Cell Research Center, /24 STORAGE TANK ADG HOT WATER HEAT EXCHANGER ANAEROBIC DIGESTION GAS HOLDER SLUDGE DIGESTER BOILER HYDROGEN HYDROGEN STORAGE HYDROGEN DISPENSER FUEL TREATMENT AC POWER HIGH-T FUEL CELL World’s First Demonstration Orange County Sanitation District Euclid Exit, I405, Fountain Valley Support: DOE, ARB, AQMD Renewable Tri-Generation of Power, Heat & H 2 Sponsors/Participants:

© National Fuel Cell Research Center, /24 OCSD Project – World’s First Installation complete, Operation on natural gas (6 months), ADG operation underway for ~1 year Installation complete, Operation on natural gas (6 months), ADG operation underway for ~1 year Renewable H 2 Filling Station ADG fueled DFC-H2 ® Production Unit

© National Fuel Cell Research Center, /24 FCE Equipment Air Products Equipment Anode Exhaust Skid DFC (Direct Fuel Cell) ADG Clean- up Skid Syngas Compressor Skid PSA Skid ( pressure swing absorption) Compressor Skid Hydrogen Storage Tubes Inverter & Electrical BoP Mechanical BoP

© National Fuel Cell Research Center, /24 OCSD Project – Status Update Last Quarter Performance: MONTH PROCESSED ADG SCF PROCESSED ADG LBS April 111,652 7,695 May 249,535 17,199 June 410,123 28,268 Quarter Total 771,31053,162

© National Fuel Cell Research Center, /24 OCSD Project – Status Update Last Quarter Performance: MONTHOPERATING HOURS GROSS AC GENERATED kWh NET AC GENERATED kWh April28457,99928,772 May649161,048121,585 June661147,574103,429 Quarter Total 1,594366,621253,786

© National Fuel Cell Research Center, /24 OCSD Project – Status Update Last Quarter Performance – steady state, natural gas, June 11, 2012: METHODEFFICIENCY η CH2P 51.9% Margalef et al Hydrogen Efficiency 45.7% Margalef et al Electrical Efficiency 54.7%

The UC Irvine Team Credit: Steve Zylius/UC Irvine Communications