Penal Substitution By dying on the cross, Christ appeased God’s righteous wrath, which was upon all sinners. Key Scriptures: Isaiah 53:6 Romans 3:25-26 Galatians 3:13 2 Corinthians 5:21 1 John 2:2, 4:10 Key Promoters: Anselm John Calvin Martin Luther Most modern Evangelicals

Moral Influence The cross is God’s way of showing how much he loves us, which in turn should motivate us to love him back. Key Scriptures: 1 John 3:16 1 John 3:16 1 John 4: John 4:7-12 Romans 5:8 Romans 5:8 Key Promoter: Peter Abelard

Moral Example Through the cross, Jesus shows us how to love and trust God and how to love each other. Key Scriptures: 1 Peter 2:21 1 John 3:16 Key Promoters: Socinians Modern liberal tradition

Christus Victor Jesus came to defeat the devil, who had become the ruler of humanity and their world when he led Adam and Eve to switch their allegiance to him. Key Scriptures:  Colossians 2:15  Hebrews 2:14-15  1 John 3:8 Key Promoters:  Early Church  Martin Luther  C.S. Lewis