Reaction Kinetics and Equilibrium How compounds react with each other

Collision Theory A reaction is most likely to occur if reactant particles collide with the proper energy and orientation NO+O3singlerxn.html NO+O3singlerxn.html

Reaction Rate Affecting Factors Nature of ReactantsNature of Reactants ConcentrationConcentration Surface AreaSurface Area TemperatureTemperature Presence of a CatalystPresence of a Catalyst Pressure for GasesPressure for Gases

Nature of Reactants Factors that contribute to reaction rate: - Electronegativity - Ionization energy - Atomic Radius.

Bonding on Rate of Reaction Covalent bonds require more energy during collisions due to a greater number of bonds needed to be broken and reformed. Ionic Bonds are faster to react and require less energy during a collision.

Concentration We measure concentration by the number of moles there are in a L of solution (Molarity). More moles = more collisions Ex: Burning paper. When the oxygen concentration is low the paper burns slowly. Raise the amount of oxygen the paper burns faster.

Surface Area The larger the surface area the easier it is to react because there are more chances for collision. The larger the surface area the easier it is to react because there are more chances for collision.

Temperature The average kinetic energy of molecules in a compound.The average kinetic energy of molecules in a compound. The more molecules move the higher the temperature.The more molecules move the higher the temperature. Higher temperature results in more collisionsHigher temperature results in more collisions

Presence of a Catalyst A substance whose presence increases the rate of a chemical reaction. Catalysts change (decrease) the activation energy which increases the rate of reaction

Activation Energy Activation energy is the minimum energy required to initiate a reaction. When particles collide with the right amount of activation energy it breaks the existing bond.

Energy Kinetic Energy (motion) – this the energy of work being doneKinetic Energy (motion) – this the energy of work being done Potential Energy (static) – the potential for something to do workPotential Energy (static) – the potential for something to do work **Remember that there are many types of energy: - electrical - thermal - mechanical - electromagnetic - nuclear

Endothermic vs. Exothermic Reactions Exothermic (exit) reactions give off heat energy during a chemical reactionExothermic (exit) reactions give off heat energy during a chemical reaction Endothermic (enter) reactions absorb heat energy during a chemical reactionEndothermic (enter) reactions absorb heat energy during a chemical reaction

Potential Energy Diagram Used to show the energy released or stored in endothermic and exothermic reactions otentialenergydiagram.htm otentialenergydiagram.htm

Reading Energy Diagrams THE Y AXIS – Potential energy of the reactionTHE Y AXIS – Potential energy of the reaction THE X AXIS – Reaction as it takes place over timeTHE X AXIS – Reaction as it takes place over time CURVE – Represents the potential energy at each step of a chemical reactionCURVE – Represents the potential energy at each step of a chemical reaction

Reading Energy Diagrams EXOTHERMIC REACTION – energy given off during a reactionEXOTHERMIC REACTION – energy given off during a reaction LOOK AT THE CURVE AND SEE IF IT ENDS AT A LOWER VALUE The energy of the products is lower than the energy of the reactants

Reading Energy Diagrams ENDOTHERMIC – energy is absorbed during a reactionENDOTHERMIC – energy is absorbed during a reaction The energy of the products is higher than the heat of the reactantsThe energy of the products is higher than the heat of the reactants LOOK AT THE CURVE AND SEE IF IT ENDS AT A HIGHER VALUE ACTIVATION ENERGY – The amount of energy needed to reach the peak of the curveACTIVATION ENERGY – The amount of energy needed to reach the peak of the curve SUBSTRACT THE ENERGY AT THE PEAK OF THE CURVE FROM THE INITIAL ENERGY

Effect of a Catalyst of Activation Energy

Catalysts Continued A catalyst lowers the activation energy required for the reaction to occur. By lowering the activation energy, the chemical reaction can occur much more quickly.A catalyst lowers the activation energy required for the reaction to occur. By lowering the activation energy, the chemical reaction can occur much more quickly.

Reversible Reactions Not all reactions go completely to completion (all reactants are used up)Not all reactions go completely to completion (all reactants are used up) Instead, some reactions can occur both forward and reverse at the same time. A reversible reaction is symbolized by double arrowsInstead, some reactions can occur both forward and reverse at the same time. A reversible reaction is symbolized by double arrows 2SO 2 (g) + O 2 (g) 2SO 3 (g)2SO 2 (g) + O 2 (g) 2SO 3 (g)

Equilibrium The rate at which the products are formed is at the same rate that the reactants are formed. The rate at which the products are formed is at the same rate that the reactants are formed. Equilibrium is represented with a double arrow. Example: Equilibrium is represented with a double arrow. Example:

Equilibrium

Entropy The measure of the randomness or disorder of a system’s energy. The greater the randomness the greater the entropy.

Entropy of Substances As a substance goes from solid to liquid to gas, entropy increases. Systems in nature tend to undergo changes toward low energy and high entropy (they want to lose energy and gain freedom)

Change of State (review) A change of state, also called a phase change, is the conversion of a substance from one of the 3 states of matter to another. A change of state always involves a change in energy.A change of state, also called a phase change, is the conversion of a substance from one of the 3 states of matter to another. A change of state always involves a change in energy.

Heating and Cooling Curves Shows how a substance changes states at each temperature increase over time.Shows how a substance changes states at each temperature increase over time. Animation

Phase Diagram

Equilibrium Review Some chemical reactions are reversibleSome chemical reactions are reversible When a reaction is occurring both forward and reverse at the same rate, equilibrium is reachedWhen a reaction is occurring both forward and reverse at the same rate, equilibrium is reached Example:Example: N H 2 2 NH 3 + energy N H 2 2 NH 3 + energy

Le Chatlier’s Principle When a system at equilibrium is subjected to a stress (a change in concentration, temperature, or pressure), the equilibrium will shift in the direction that tends to counteract the effect of the stress.When a system at equilibrium is subjected to a stress (a change in concentration, temperature, or pressure), the equilibrium will shift in the direction that tends to counteract the effect of the stress. Video

Le Chatlier’s Principle Example:Example: N H 2 2 NH 3 + energy N H 2 2 NH 3 + energy If the concentration of Nitrogen is increased, the reaction will shift to the right and favor the products side, making more ammonia and giving off more heat.

Le Chatlier Example:Example: N H 2 2 NH 3 + energy N H 2 2 NH 3 + energy If the temperature is increased, the reaction will shift to the left and favor the reactants side, making more N and H

Effect of Pressure on Equilibrium Example:Example: N H 2 2 NH 3 + energy N H 2 2 NH 3 + energy (4 moles gas) (2 moles gas) (4 moles gas) (2 moles gas) If the pressure is increased, the reaction will shift to the right, favoring the side with the lower number of moles of gas

Heat and Temperature Heat (J or calories) – a transfer of energy from a body of higher temperature to a body of lower temperature. Thermal energy is associated with the random motion of atoms and molecules.Heat (J or calories) – a transfer of energy from a body of higher temperature to a body of lower temperature. Thermal energy is associated with the random motion of atoms and molecules. Ex) steam v waterEx) steam v water Temperature – a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles of a substance. Temperature is not a form of energy.Temperature – a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles of a substance. Temperature is not a form of energy. Question: What state of matter has the most energy? GASQuestion: What state of matter has the most energy? GAS

Heat Calculations Specific Heat Capacity – the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of a substance one degree.Specific Heat Capacity – the amount of energy required to raise the temperature of a substance one degree. Ex: Takes more energy to heat a swimming pool than a cup of waterEx: Takes more energy to heat a swimming pool than a cup of water Specific heat Capacity of H2O (l) = 4.18 J/g X CSpecific heat Capacity of H2O (l) = 4.18 J/g X C

Calculations con Fusion – meltingFusion – melting Heat of Fusion – the amount of heat needed to convert unit mass of a substance from a solid to a liquid at constant temperature.Heat of Fusion – the amount of heat needed to convert unit mass of a substance from a solid to a liquid at constant temperature. - when ice is melting the kinetic energy stays the same - when ice is melting the kinetic energy stays the same Heat of Fusion of H2O = 334 J/gHeat of Fusion of H2O = 334 J/g

Calculations con Heat of Vaporization – the amount of heat needed to convert a unit mass of a substance from a liquid to a gas at constant temperature.Heat of Vaporization – the amount of heat needed to convert a unit mass of a substance from a liquid to a gas at constant temperature. - when ice is boiling the kinetic energy stays the same- when ice is boiling the kinetic energy stays the same Heat of V of H2O = 2260 J/gHeat of V of H2O = 2260 J/g TABLE B in Reference TableTABLE B in Reference Table

Calculations con. Q = mC∆TQ = mC∆T Q = mHfQ = mHf Q = mHvQ = mHv

Vapor Pressure In every liquid, some particles are far enough away from each other to be considered gas but are pushed down by atmospheric pressure. When in liquid, some particles are far enough apart to escape their neighboring molecules and enter the gas phase (vapor). As temperature increases, particles gain more energy and more particles escape from the surface. The pressure these gaseous particles exert is called vapor pressure. As temp increases, vapor pressure increases.In every liquid, some particles are far enough away from each other to be considered gas but are pushed down by atmospheric pressure. When in liquid, some particles are far enough apart to escape their neighboring molecules and enter the gas phase (vapor). As temperature increases, particles gain more energy and more particles escape from the surface. The pressure these gaseous particles exert is called vapor pressure. As temp increases, vapor pressure increases.

Vapor Pressure con. Vapor pressure eventually builds up enough to equal atmospheric pressure. When it surpasses atmospheric pressure, the liquid boils and allows the gaseous particles to escape.Vapor pressure eventually builds up enough to equal atmospheric pressure. When it surpasses atmospheric pressure, the liquid boils and allows the gaseous particles to escape. Vapor Pressure – pressure gaseous particles exert upwardVapor Pressure – pressure gaseous particles exert upward